Journal of Advanced Veterinary Research

A comprehensive review of canine parvovirus infection

2026-04-02T14:50:49+02:00

Canine Parvovirus 2 (CPV-2) remains one of the most significant and lethal infectious diseases of domestic dogs worldwide, decades after its pandemic emergence in the late 1970s. This comprehensive review synthesizes the current, multifaceted understanding of the virus. We explore its etiology as a non-enveloped, single-stranded DNA virus, its origin from Feline Panleukopenia Virus, and its rapid evolution into globally distributed antigenic variants (CPV-2a, 2b, 2c). The pathogenesis is detailed, highlighting a fecal-oral transmission route and a profound tropism for rapidly dividing cells, which dictates the classic clinical presentation of severe hemorrhagic gastroenteritis and profound leukopenia. This review critically examines the cornerstones of treatment, which remains aggressive supportive care centered on fluid resuscitation, broad-spectrum antibiotics to combat secondary sepsis, and antiemetic therapy. The critical role of vaccination with modified-live virus (MLV) vaccines is emphasized as the primary tool for prevention. We also address the central challenge in immunization: navigating the "window of susceptibility" created by maternally derived antibody (MDA) interference, which persists as the primary cause of vaccine failure in puppies. Furthermore, this review addresses the formidable challenges of control, driven by the virus's exceptional environmental resilience, which necessitates specific disinfection protocols and strict biosecurity. Finally, the significant economic impact and public health importance are discussed, underscoring the disease's substantial (though indirect) societal burden through high treatment costs, the psychological distress of "economic euthanasia," and its status as a paradigm for emerging infectious diseases

A review of canine distemper in domestic dogs

2026-04-02T21:00:28+02:00

Canine distemper (CD) represents a highly infectious and frequently lethal viral disorder with multisystemic involvement that impacts domestic dogs as well as a wide range of carnivorous species globally. The causative pathogen, Canine Distemper Virus (CDV), belongs to the genus Morbillivirus under the family Paramyxoviridae and demonstrates remarkable genetic variability, encompassing at least seventeen genotypes identified across different regions of the world. Although effective vaccines are available, CDV continues to persist endemically in numerous areas, largely attributed to insufficient immunization coverage, ongoing viral mutation, and interspecies transmission facilitated by wildlife reservoirs. This review comprehensively summarizes the etiology, epidemiology, transmission routes, risk factors, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnostic approaches, hematological and clinicopathological findings, as well as therapeutic, vaccination, and preventive strategies for CD. The virus primarily targets epithelial, lymphoid, and nervous tissues, producing severe respiratory, gastrointestinal, and neurological symptoms. Diagnostic confirmation relies on molecular and serological assays such as RT-PCR and ELISA, which offer high sensitivity for detecting viral RNA or antibodies. Although treatment is mainly supportive, prevention through timely and widespread vaccination remains the cornerstone of control. Furthermore, the persistence of novel viral lineages and spillover events from domestic dogs to wildlife underscore the need for continuous molecular surveillance and global cooperation. Understanding CDV’s pathogenesis, epidemiological dynamics, and economic implications is crucial for developing integrated control strategies to mitigate the impact of canine distemper disease on animal health, biodiversity, and the veterinary public health sector.

Advances in Classical Swine Fever Virus molecular detection and characterization using the E2 gene as a diagnostic target

2026-04-02T21:02:35+02:00

Classical Swine Fever (CSF) is a transboundary viral disease that continues to cause significant economic losses to the swine industry in various countries. Efforts to control this disease are crucially dependent on the availability of rapid, highly sensitive diagnostic methods capable of providing reliable epidemiological data. Classical Swine Fever Virus (CSFV) is a single-stranded, positive-polarity RNA virus with a single open reading frame, in which the E2 gene encodes the main structural glycoprotein that plays a crucial role in the infection process, antigenic properties, and induction of the host immune response. These characteristics make the E2 gene the most widely used molecular target for CSFV detection and characterization. This review article aims to comprehensively examine the latest developments in CSFV molecular detection and characterization methods, with an emphasis on the use of the E2 gene as a diagnostic target. Various E2 gene-based molecular approaches, ranging from conventional RT-PCR, real-time PCR, isothermal amplification methods, to sequencing, are discussed based on their working principles, sensitivity and specificity levels, and their application in clinical diagnosis and field surveillance activities. Furthermore, the function of the E2 gene in phylogenetic analysis, strain origin tracing, and monitoring of CSFV genetic diversity was also reviewed, particularly in the context of outbreak dynamics and evaluating the effectiveness of vaccination programs. The review results indicate that the E2 gene has a balanced combination of sequence conservation and genetic variation, making it effective for both virus detection and characterization. However, several challenges remain, including sequence mutations, limited diagnostic facilities, and the need for method standardization. Therefore, the integration of the latest molecular technologies, the application of multi-target approaches, and the harmonization of E2 gene-based diagnostic protocols are expected to improve control success and support sustainable CSF eradication efforts.

Molecular mechanisms of cellular aging: A systems physiology perspective

2026-04-02T22:08:56+02:00

Cellular aging is a complex biological process characterized by a gradual decline in the ability of cells to maintain homeostasis, respond to stress, and sustain tissue function. This phenomenon is driven by the accumulation of interacting molecular and physiological changes, ultimately contributing to impaired organ function and increased susceptibility to age-related diseases. Although reductionist approaches have revealed key pathways and molecules involved in aging, they have not fully explained the dynamics of interactions across levels of biological organization that make aging a systemic phenomenon. This review aimed to integrate the molecular mechanisms of cellular aging within the framework of systems physiology, emphasizing the interconnectedness of molecular changes, cell function, and physiological regulation at the tissue and organism levels. The literature was obtained through a search of major scientific databases with a focus on experimental and computational studies addressing cellular aging, hallmarks of aging, and systems and multi-omics approaches. The synthesis of results demonstrates that key mechanisms of aging—such as genomic instability, mitochondrial dysfunction, impaired proteostasis, deregulated nutrient sensing, cellular senescence, and altered intercellular communication—form a dynamic and interconnected regulatory network. The nonlinear interactions between these pathways explain variations in aging across tissues and individuals, while emphasizing the importance of physiological context in determining biological outcomes. A systems physiology approach provides a more comprehensive understanding of how changes at the molecular level translate into systemic decline. Overall, a systems-based perspective offers a robust conceptual framework for integrating molecular findings on aging and supporting the development of more effective, predictive, and physiologically relevant intervention strategies to maintain health across the lifespan.

The impact of zoonotic diseases on the food production chain: A review of key challenges and prevention strategies

2026-04-02T22:10:51+02:00

Zoonotic diseases pose a major challenge to public health and the safety of food production systems, as pathogens can be transmitted from animals to humans through direct contact, consumption of animal products, or exposure to contaminated environments. The impacts of zoonoses are broad, including increased morbidity and mortality in humans, reduced livestock performance and productivity, economic losses, and social and environmental implications. The complex relationship between humans, animals, and ecosystems demands integrated, comprehensive, and evidence-based control efforts. This review aimed to synthesize recent scientific findings on the impacts of zoonotic diseases along the food production chain, identify risk factors contributing to pathogen spread, and assess various prevention strategies that have been implemented in various contexts. The literature review covers human health, animal welfare, economic, social, and environmental dimensions, with an emphasis on biosecurity, vaccination and animal health interventions, food safety regulations, and the use of technological innovations such as early detection systems and product traceability. The analysis shows that consistent implementation of biosecurity, appropriate veterinary medical interventions, hygienic food processing practices, and technology-based monitoring systems can significantly reduce the risk of zoonotic transmission. A cross-sectoral approach that adopts the One Health principle has been proven to enhance synergy between human health, animal health, and the environment, making risk mitigation efforts more effective and sustainable. Going forward, research is recommended to focus on developing adaptive vaccines, innovating disease detection technologies, improving education for livestock farmers and food workers, and evaluating regulatory policies to strengthen production chain security. This comprehensive approach is expected to strengthen zoonotic control systems, reduce health and economic impacts, and support global food security.

Use of bioactive compounds to enhance meat safety and quality

2026-04-02T22:12:55+02:00

Ensuring the safety and quality of meat remains a major challenge in the food industry due to susceptibility to microbial contamination, lipid oxidation, and protein degradation, which compromise sensory properties and nutritional value. Bioactive compounds have emerged as natural agents capable of enhancing meat safety and quality through antimicrobial, antioxidant, and sensory-modulating activities. These compounds, derived from plants, microbes, animals, or synthesized sources, can inhibit the growth of pathogenic bacteria, prevent oxidative spoilage, maintain color, texture, and flavor, and extend product shelf-life. This review was conducted through a systematic search of scientific literature in databases including Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, and Google Scholar, covering both foundational and recent studies without restrictions on publication year. Inclusion criteria focused on research reporting the application of bioactive compounds in fresh or processed meat with documented effects on microbial safety, oxidative stability, sensory attributes, or shelf-life. Data were extracted on compound type, source, application method, and observed outcomes, and synthesized narratively to highlight mechanisms, efficacy, and practical implementation. Findings indicate that direct addition, marination, edible coatings, active packaging, and combination with non-thermal processing effectively integrate bioactive compounds into meat products. Synergistic use of multiple compounds often enhances antimicrobial and antioxidant effects while preserving sensory quality. These strategies offer promising alternatives to synthetic preservatives, aligning with consumer demand for natural, safe, and functional foods. Future research should focus on optimizing compound combinations, industrial scalability, and integration with emerging processing technologies to maximize efficacy and product stability. Overall, bioactive compounds represent a sustainable approach for producing high-quality, safe, and shelf-stable meat products.

Optimizing meat tenderness and flavor through novel processing techniques

2026-04-03T20:31:00+02:00

Texture and flavor are the primary sensory attributes that determine meat quality and consumer acceptance. Tenderness directly influences chewing comfort, whereas flavor arises from complex interactions among proteins, lipids, and volatile compounds during processing and consumption. However, conventional heat-based processing methods often reduce sensory quality due to excessive protein denaturation and the loss of aroma-forming compounds. Therefore, the development of innovative processing techniques has become increasingly important to improve meat quality in an efficient and sustainable manner. This review aims to evaluate and synthesize recent findings on emerging processing techniques that have the potential to optimize meat tenderness and flavor, with particular emphasis on texture–flavor interactions and their implications for sensory quality. The review was conducted through a systematic search of scientific literature from reputable databases, with articles selected based on their relevance to tenderization mechanisms, flavor formation, and sensory impacts on meat products. The findings indicate that innovative approaches, such as controlled enzymatic treatments, non-thermal technologies, and the combination of mechanical methods with modern physical processes, can selectively modify muscle tissue structure. These modifications enhance the release of taste and aroma compounds during consumption without compromising nutritional stability and food safety. Furthermore, integrated processing strategies demonstrate synergistic effects in maintaining juiciness and quality consistency during storage and cooking. Overall, modern meat processing technologies offer significant opportunities for the meat industry to produce products with superior sensory quality, meet consumer preferences for more natural products, and open new directions for future research in process optimization and value-added meat product innovation.

Global perspectives on infectious coryza: Pathology, immunity, and economic impact in chickens

2026-04-03T20:32:40+02:00

Coryza is an acute respiratory infection of chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus) caused by the Gram-negative bacterium Avibacterium paragallinarum of the Pasteurellaceae family. This disease is highly contagious and has spread widely throughout the world, with relatively high incidence rates in Southeast Asia, South America, and Africa. Common clinical manifestations include infraorbital sinus swelling, nasal exudate, conjunctivitis, and decreased production performance, both in broiler chicken growth and egg production in laying hens. Infection can be acute, subclinical, or chronic, depending on the virulence of the bacterial strain, the host's immune system, and environmental factors. Pathologically, the disease begins with bacterial colonization of the upper respiratory tract epithelium, followed by activation of a local inflammatory response that leads to neutrophil and lymphocyte infiltration, mucosal edema, and increased mucus secretion. The immunity developed is serotype-specific, so the use of vaccines appropriate for the serotypes circulating in a region is the primary preventative measure. Transmission occurs through direct contact between individuals, aerosols, or through contaminated objects (fomites), with the rate of spread influenced by population density, cage sanitation, and the movement of chickens between farms. Other predisposing factors include stress, the presence of secondary infections, and suboptimal environmental management. Diagnosis is established through a combination of clinical observation, bacterial isolation and culture, serological testing, and molecular techniques such as PCR to differentiate it from other respiratory diseases with similar symptoms. Effective control requires a comprehensive approach, including serotype-based vaccination, strict biosecurity practices, good cage management, and efforts to minimize stress on chickens. Economically, coryza causes significant losses due to reduced productivity and increased costs of treatment and prevention. This review aims to provide the latest updates on the epidemiology, pathogenic mechanisms, clinical presentation, diagnostic methods, therapy, and control strategies for coryza, while also identifying challenges and prospects for further research.

Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV) in cattle: Health impacts, reproduction, and management strategies

2026-04-03T20:34:17+02:00

Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV) is a significant pathogen for the cattle industry worldwide, significantly impacting animal health, reproduction, and economics. This virus belongs to the Pestivirus genus in the Flaviviridae family and has a positive-sense, single-stranded RNA genome. BVDV can infect lymphoid cells, hepatocytes, and mucosal epithelium, resulting in systemic disorders, immunosuppression, and the emergence of persistently infected (PI) animals, which serve as the primary reservoir for viral transmission. BVDV infection can be acute or chronic, with clinical symptoms varying depending on the immune status, age, and gestational stage of the animal. Adult cattle tend to experience subclinical infection, while calves are more susceptible to diarrhea, dehydration, thrombocytopenia, and high mortality. In pregnant cows, infection can trigger abortion, the birth of fetuses with congenital defects, or the birth of PI animals. The genetic diversity of BVDV, including non-cytopathic and cytopathic biotypes, as well as BVDV-1, BVDV-2, and HoBi-like (BVDV-3) genotypes, influences virulence, immune response, and vaccination success. Virus transmission occurs horizontally through direct contact, secretions, and contaminated environments, and vertically through transplacental infection. Risk factors include the presence of infected animals, housing density, low biosecurity, and uncontrolled reproductive practices. The economic impact of BVDV is significant, including reduced milk production, beef cattle growth, reproductive efficiency, abortions, and herd control costs. Control strategies emphasize identification and elimination of infected animals, planned vaccination, biosecurity implementation, and sound reproductive management. This review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of BVDV, including etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, risk factors, diagnosis, and control strategies, as a basis for effective herd management and mitigating the economic impact on the cattle industry.

Nipah Virus: An emerging zoonotic threat at the human–animal–environment interface

2026-04-04T21:01:47+02:00

Nipah Virus (NiV) is a highly virulent zoonotic pathogen that poses significant global public health concerns. Since its first recognition in the late 1990s, the virus has triggered numerous outbreaks with significant fatality rates, particularly in South and Southeast Asia. Fruit bats of the genus Pteropus serve as the natural reservoir of the virus, while transmission to humans can occur through direct contact with the reservoir, through an intermediary animal, or through human-to-human transmission in certain situations. In humans, NiV infection generally begins with nonspecific initial symptoms, such as fever and malaise, which can then rapidly progress to serious neurological disorders and acute respiratory failure. The rapid and progressive clinical course, coupled with limited diagnostic facilities in many endemic areas, often hinders early detection and effective outbreak control efforts. Currently, there is no specific antiviral drug or vaccine widely used for the prevention of this disease, so case management still focuses on supportive therapy and strict implementation of infection control measures. In addition to its impact on human health, the NiV outbreak also has widespread social and economic consequences, including disruption to the livestock industry, increased pressure on the healthcare system, and reduced productivity. This demonstrates that the NiV is not merely a clinical problem but also a multidisciplinary challenge involving various sectors. Therefore, this review article presents a comprehensive discussion of the NiV, covering aspects of etiology, epidemiology, clinical manifestations, and its implications for public health. The One Health approach is emphasized as a crucial strategy in NiV prevention and control efforts through the integration of surveillance activities, health system strengthening, and the development of sustainable preventive interventions.

Bordetella bronchiseptica in Canine Respiratory Disease: A Review

2026-04-06T21:56:32+02:00

Bordetella bronchiseptica is a major bacterial pathogen responsible for canine infectious respiratory disease complex (CIRDC), which affects the upper respiratory tract of dogs and contributes to significant morbidity in canine populations worldwide. The disease spreads primarily through aerosol and direct contact between infected and susceptible dogs, especially in environments with high animal density such as kennels, shelters, and dog daycare facilities. Puppies and immunocompromised dogs are particularly vulnerable due to their immature immune systems, while co-infections with respiratory viruses can exacerbate clinical signs and increase disease severity. Infected animals may shed the bacterium for extended periods, allowing continuous transmission even among clinically healthy carriers. Although human infection is rare, B. bronchiseptica poses a potential zoonotic risk, particularly for immunocompromised individuals, underscoring the importance of One Health approach that integrates animal, human, and environmental health. Preventive measures including intranasal vaccination, proper ventilation, strict hygiene, and public education are essential to reduce bacterial spread and disease incidence. Comprehensive control efforts combining vaccination programs, environmental management, and ongoing surveillance are critical to mitigate both animal health impacts and zoonotic transmission risks.

Encephalitozoon cuniculi infection in rabbits: An updated comprehensive review

2026-04-07T06:28:49+02:00

Encephalitozoon cuniculi (E. cuniculi) is a pervasive, obligate intracellular microsporidian parasite that represents a significant clinical challenge in domestic rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) medicine. This review synthesizes current knowledge regarding encephalitozoonosis, beginning with the pathogen’s unique spore-forming biology and the high susceptibility of leporids. Transmission primarily occurs via the ingestion or inhalation of spores shed in the urine, though vertical transmission is also documented. The pathogenesis is characterized by the parasite's predilection for the central nervous system, kidneys, and ocular lenses, where it triggers chronic granulomatous inflammation. While host immunity, specifically cell-mediated responses, often keeps infections subclinical, triggers such as stress or immunosuppression can lead to overt disease. Three primary clinical manifestations: neurological syndromes (notably torticollis and ataxia), renal failure, and phacoclastic uveitis are characteristics for E. cuniculi infection in rabbits. Diagnostic challenges are a focal point of this review, as high seroprevalence in asymptomatic populations complicates the interpretation of results. The efficacy of combining quantitative serology, molecular techniques, and protein electrophoresis to achieve a definitive diagnosis are discussed. Finally, the review addresses management strategies, centering on the administration of benzimidazole anthelmintics and anti-inflammatory therapy, alongside rigorous husbandry practices. By integrating these facets, this review provides a comprehensive framework for clinicians and researchers to better understand, diagnose, and mitigate the impact of this resilient zoonotic pathogen in rabbit populations.

ESBL genes in Escherichia coli in One Health perspective, molecular evidence, and transmission routes

2026-04-07T06:32:00+02:00

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) caused by Extended Spectrum β-Lactamase (ESBL)-producing bacteria has emerged as a major global public health threat, involving complex interactions among humans, animals, and the environment. Among ESBL-producing pathogens, Escherichia coli is recognized as one of the most important bacteria due to its remarkable genetic adaptability, which facilitates the widespread dissemination of β-lactam resistance genes through horizontal gene transfer mechanisms. This review aims to examine the molecular evidence of ESBL genes in E. coli, the characteristics of high-risk clones, mobile genetic elements involved in dissemination, and transmission pathways from a One Health perspective. Evidence from numerous studies demonstrates the predominance of the blaCTX-M gene family, particularly the CTX-M-15 variant, in E. coli isolates derived from humans, food-producing animals, companion animals, wildlife, and environmental sources. High-risk clones such as ST131 and ST1193 play a crucial role in the global spread of ESBLs because of their strong colonization capacity, persistence, virulence, and ability to accumulate multiple antimicrobial resistance determinants. Furthermore, the interplay between antimicrobial usage, ecosystem dynamics, and the mobility of genetic elements such as plasmids, transposons, and integrons accelerates the cross-sector dissemination of ESBL-producing E. coli. These findings highlight the urgent need for integrated control strategies based on the One Health framework, including molecular surveillance, rational antimicrobial stewardship, and strengthened environmental management, to sustainably mitigate the spread and impact of antimicrobial resistance worldwide.

Prevention and management strategies for Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in veterinary clinics and hospitals: A literature review

2026-04-18T21:48:05+02:00

Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is an infectious agent that is increasingly receiving attention as a serious threat in animal healthcare facilities. Its ability to resist various β-lactam antibiotics makes the infections it causes difficult to treat, while increasing the potential for cross-transmission in clinical settings and posing health risks to animals, veterinary health workers, and animal owners. This situation emphasizes the urgency of implementing comprehensive prevention and management strategies to reduce the impact of MRSA in veterinary practice. This review article presents a synthesis of the latest scientific evidence regarding MRSA epidemiology, transmission routes, diagnostic methods, and prevention and treatment efforts in veterinary clinics and hospitals. Discussions include biosecurity implementation, adherence to hygienic practices by medical personnel, environmental control, and the contribution of Antimicrobial Stewardship programs to reducing the rate of antimicrobial resistance. Furthermore, various challenges in managing MRSA cases in hospitalized animals, the potential for zoonotic transmission, and the importance of implementing an integrated One Health approach are reviewed. Overall, findings indicate that animal healthcare facilities have the potential to act as reservoirs for MRSA, as the high level of interaction between animals, humans, and the environment contributes to repeated contamination. Implementing strict hygiene standards, early detection, selecting evidence-based therapies, and educating pet owners have been shown to contribute to reducing infection and colonization rates. Therefore, cross-sector collaboration is key to strengthening MRSA control and preventing its further spread.

Antibiotic resistance profile of Citrobacter spp. isolated from rectal swabs of sheep in Ngrayung Village, Plumpang District, Tuban Regency

2026-04-01T20:54:38+02:00

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has become a major global concern in both human and veterinary medicine, particularly due to the increasing emergence of resistant enteric bacteria in food-producing animals. This study aimed to isolate and identify Citrobacter spp. from rectal swabs of sheep and to determine their antibiotic resistance profile in Ngrayung Village, Plumpang District, Tuban Regency. A total of 150 rectal swab samples were collected from sheep and processed using standard bacteriological methods. Isolation was performed on MacConkey Agar, followed by Gram staining and biochemical confirmation using IMViC and Triple Sugar Iron Agar tests. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was conducted using the Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion method on Mueller–Hinton Agar according to CLSI guidelines against five antibiotics: erythromycin, tetracycline, ampicillin, cefoxitin, and aztreonam. Out of 150 samples, 40 isolates (26.7%) showed presumptive colony morphology consistent with Citrobacter spp., while 6 isolates (4.0%) were biochemically confirmed. The confirmed isolates demonstrated Gram-negative rod morphology and variable biochemical characteristics. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing revealed that all isolates (100%) were resistant to erythromycin, while resistance to ampicillin and cefoxitin was observed in 66.7% and 33.3% of isolates, respectively. Lower resistance rates were detected for tetracycline and aztreonam (16.7% each). Furthermore, 2 isolates (33.3%) were classified as multidrug-resistant (MDR), including one isolate resistant to all tested antibiotics. These findings indicate that sheep may serve as reservoirs of antimicrobial-resistant Citrobacter spp., posing potential risks for animal health, environmental contamination, and zoonotic transmission. Routine AMR surveillance, prudent antibiotic use, and improved farm biosecurity are therefore essential to support antimicrobial stewardship within a One Health framework.

Detection of antimicrobial-resistant Escherichia coli isolated from chicken eggshell swabs sold in traditional markets in Surabaya City

2026-04-01T20:59:07+02:00

Chicken eggs are widely consumed as an affordable and important source of animal protein; however, eggshell surfaces may become contaminated with pathogenic and antimicrobial-resistant bacteria, posing a potential public health risk. This study aimed to detect Escherichia coli contamination on chicken eggshell swabs collected from traditional and modern markets in Surabaya City, Indonesia, and to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of the confirmed isolates. A total of 150 eggshell swab samples were collected from five regions of Surabaya during August 2024. Isolation and identification of E. coli were performed using Buffered Peptone Water (BPW), Eosin Methylene Blue Agar (EMBA), Gram staining, IMViC biochemical tests, and Triple Sugar Iron Agar (TSIA). Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was conducted using the Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion method against aztreonam, chloramphenicol, gentamicin, tetracycline, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole according to CLSI 2020 guidelines. Among the 150 samples, 17 isolates showed presumptive E. coli characteristics on EMBA, while only 8 isolates (5.33%) were biochemically confirmed as E. coli. The distribution of confirmed isolates was equal between traditional and modern markets, with 4 isolates (2.67%) from each market type. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing showed that all confirmed isolates were fully susceptible to aztreonam, chloramphenicol, and gentamicin. In contrast, resistance was highest against tetracycline (75%), followed by trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (37.5%). Three isolates exhibited multidrug resistance patterns. These findings indicate that chicken eggshells sold in Surabaya City may serve as reservoirs of antimicrobial-resistant E. coli, highlighting the need for improved hygienic handling practices and prudent antibiotic use in poultry production to reduce foodborne antimicrobial resistance risks.

Protective effects of Moringa oleifera L. Leaves extract against ethylene glycol–induced lung injury: An integrated In Vivo and In Silico study

2026-04-01T21:02:42+02:00

Ethylene glycol (EG) intoxication induces multi-organ toxicity characterized by oxidative stress, inflammation, and pulmonary injury secondary to metabolic acidosis and renal damage. This study aimed to evaluate the protective effect of Moringa oleifera L. leaves extract against EG-induced lung damage using integrated in vivo and in silico approaches. Twenty-five male Wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups: negative control, EG control (265 mg/kg BW/day), and three treatment groups receiving EG followed by M. oleifera extract at doses of 200, 316, and 500 mg/kg BW for 21 days. Lung tissues were examined histopathologically using hematoxylin and eosin staining to assess alveolar congestion and interalveolar septal thickening. Molecular docking analysis was performed to evaluate interactions between major phytoconstituents and apoptosis- and inflammation-related targets, namely Caspase-3 and Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor 1 (TNFR1). EG exposure significantly increased congestion and septal thickening compared to the negative control (p < 0.05). Administration of M. oleifera extract produced dose-dependent improvement. The 500 mg/kg BW dose showed the greatest protective effect, reducing alveolar congestion by 48% and septal thickening by 78.3%, with no significant difference compared to the negative control (p > 0.05). Phytochemical screening identified quercetin, kaempferol, β-carotene, tocopherol, and ascorbic acid as potential bioactive compounds. Docking results demonstrated strong binding affinities of β-carotene (−8.1 kcal/mol) toward Caspase-3 and flavonoids toward TNFR1 (−6.4 to −6.5 kcal/mol), suggesting inhibition of apoptotic and inflammatory pathways. In conclusion, M. oleifera L. leaves extract, particularly at 500 mg/kg BW, exhibits significant protective effects against EG-induced pulmonary injury. The integrated in vivo and in silico findings support its potential as a natural therapeutic candidate targeting oxidative stress–mediated lung damage.

Impact of physical and nutritional enrichment on Mulard ducks’ performance and meat quality

2026-04-04T21:10:11+02:00

Poor animal welfare has detrimental impacts on human health and welfare, and damaging effects on the environment. The cultivation of ducks contributes considerably to the production of poultry meat worldwide. Environmental enrichment (EE) approaches have been advantageous for alleviating stress, so housing conditions have prominent effects on animal welfare and, in turn, efficiency of production. Therefore, the objective of this study was to assess and compare the impact of the provision of a tunnel as a physical enrichment (PE) or nutritional enrichment (NE) or combination of both physical and nutritional enrichment on animal welfare, productive performance, and meat quality of Mulard ducks. One hundred and eight 14-day-old Mulard ducklings were distributed at random to 4 groups: Control group (C), Tunnel-enriched group (E): tunnel-based physical environmental enrichment, Moringa-enriched group (Mo): feed Moringa Oleifera leaves powder, and Moringa + Tunnel-enriched group (Mo+E). The performance and growth parameters measured, carcass properties, meat quality, and economic efficiency were assessed. The data obtained showed that growth performance, weight gain, carcass properties, and meat quality measures, as well as economic efficiency, were positively influenced by the provision of a combination of PE and NE and\ or NE alone. Despite the increase in total costs associated with the addition of MO leaf powder, there was an improvement in economic efficiency, particularly in the MO+E and Mo groups. Thus, the provision of a combination of physical and nutritional enrichment improves animal welfare and consequently increases production efficiency, as well as satisfies consumer needs.

Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of antibiotic-resistant Klebsiella spp. from chicken eggshells in traditional and modern markets of Surabaya

2026-04-06T21:49:29+02:00

The emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in food products is a growing public health concern. Among these, Klebsiella spp. are opportunistic pathogens capable of causing severe infections and disseminating antimicrobial resistance genes, including extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs). This study aimed to evaluate the phenotypic and genotypic profiles of antibiotic-resistant Klebsiella spp. isolated from chicken eggshells in traditional and modern markets of Surabaya, Indonesia. A total of 150 eggshell swab samples were collected across five administrative regions, with equal representation from traditional and modern markets. Presumptive Klebsiella isolates were enriched, cultured on MacConkey agar, and confirmed via Gram staining and biochemical tests. Antibiotic susceptibility was assessed using the Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion method against ampicillin, tetracycline, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, and sulfamethoxazole–trimethoprim. Multidrug-resistant (MDR) isolates were further analyzed for ESBL-associated genes (blaSHV, blaTEM, blaCTX-M) via PCR. From 150 samples, 28 isolates (18.7%) were confirmed as Klebsiella spp., with similar prevalence in traditional (20.0%) and modern (17.3%) markets. Phenotypic analysis revealed high resistance to ampicillin (78.6%) and lower resistance to other antibiotics. Four isolates (14.3%) were classified as MDR, all recovered from modern markets. Genotypic detection showed that all MDR isolates carried the blaSHV gene, whereas blaTEM and blaCTX-M were absent, indicating SHV-type β-lactamase as the primary determinant of β-lactam resistance. These findings demonstrate that chicken eggs in Surabaya can serve as reservoirs of phenotypically and genotypically antibiotic-resistant Klebsiella, posing potential public health risks. Integrated phenotypic and genotypic surveillance, responsible antimicrobial use in poultry, and improved hygiene practices in both traditional and modern markets are essential to mitigate the spread of multidrug-resistant bacteria through the food chain.

Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of antibiotic-resistant Salmonella spp. isolated from sheep rectal swabs in Tuban, Indonesia

2026-04-06T21:52:37+02:00

Salmonella spp. are important zoonotic pathogens capable of colonizing the intestinal tract of livestock and contributing to the spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). This study aimed to investigate the phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of antibiotic-resistant Salmonella spp. isolated from sheep rectal swabs in Tuban, Indonesia. A total of 150 rectal swab samples were collected from sheep and processed using selective enrichment, culture on Salmonella-Shigella Agar, and biochemical identification. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using the Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion method, while multidrug-resistant (MDR) isolates were further analyzed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the presence of ESBL-associated genes (blaTEM, blaSHV, and blaCTX-M). Out of 150 samples, 20 isolates (13.33%) were confirmed as Salmonella spp. Phenotypic analysis revealed high resistance to erythromycin (100%) and tetracycline (95%), while all isolates were fully susceptible to aztreonam (100%). Moderate susceptibility was observed for ampicillin (80%) and cefoxitin (75%). A total of 5 isolates (25%) were classified as MDR. Genotypic analysis showed that only one MDR isolate (20%) harbored the blaTEM gene, whereas blaSHV and blaCTX-M were not detected in any isolates. These findings demonstrate that sheep can serve as reservoirs of antibiotic-resistant and MDR Salmonella spp., posing potential risks to animal health, food safety, and public health. The detection of blaTEM highlights the presence of β-lactam resistance determinants, although other resistance mechanisms may also be involved. Continuous AMR surveillance, rational antibiotic use, and improved farm biosecurity are essential to mitigate the spread of resistant zoonotic pathogens within a One Health framework.

Role of phytogenic feed additives in modulating NRF‑2/IL‑1β signaling, immune response, and growth performance in cold‑stressed broiler chickens

2026-04-08T20:38:11+02:00

Cold stress is a significant environmental factor negatively affecting broiler performance, immune competence and respiratory health. The aim of this study was to investigate growth promoting, immunomodulatory, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of phytogenic feed additive (PFA) (Herb-ALL^TM RESP) on broiler chickens subjected to cold stress in winter season. A total of 480 one-day-old, Ross 308 broiler chicks were assigned to four groups (120 birds each; four replicates of 30 birds): NT group (control): Normal temperature + basal diet without dietary PFA; NT+PFA group: Normal temperature with 1 kg/ton feed dietary PFA (Herb-ALL^TM Resp); LT group: Low temperature without dietary PFA; LT+PFA group: Low temperature with 1 kg/ton feed dietary PFA. Cold stress showed compromised broiler growth performance, decrease antibody titer against Newcastle disease virus (NDV), with down regulation of antioxidant NRF-2 gene and upregulation of pro inflammatory cytokines IL1B gene in tracheal and lung tissue. The PFA supplementations markedly improved broiler body weight, feed conversion ratio, European production efficiency factor, immune response against NDV and antioxidant status (↑NRF-2 gene expression), and decrease in inflammatory conditions (↓ IL1B gene expression in both NT and LT conditions, with a decrease in weekly feed intake in LT environment only. These findings highlight the potential of PFA as a natural strategy to improve the broiler productivity and health under cold stress conditions.

Evaluation of probiotic effects on physiological parameters in healthy and stressed broilers

2026-02-04T21:19:46+02:00

Clarifying the impact of probiotics on healthy and transported stressed broilers was the goal of the current study. Two hundred and ten male broiler chicks, 1-day-old were split up into 3 groups in 7 pens, each 10 broilers: a standard feed combined with the probiotic, Bacillus subtilis PB6, control (C), lower dose 0.25 (L), and higher dose 0.5 (H) g/kg feed for 35 days. At the conclusion of the study, 5 birds per group were taken for blood collection. Besides, another 5 birds per group were driven for 80 kilometers (km) and then taken for blood collection. The findings indicated that probiotic exposure had an improvement effect on serum lipid profiles, liver enzymes, oxidative markers and some biochemical parameters of both healthy C and stressed (S) broilers. Both L and H dose of probiotic significantly decreased low density lipoprotein (LDL), very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), uric acid (UA), glucose, alanine aminotransaminase (ALT), aspartate aminotransaminase (AST), malonaldehyde (MDA) and creatine kinase (CK) while significantly increased high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) in comparison with both C and S broilers groups. Besides, stressed broilers treated by lower and higher probiotic doses (LS and Hs, respectively) revealed a marked rise in serum albumin level in comparison with S group while albumin didn't show significant change comparing L and H groups with the C one. Overall, this study approved that administration of probiotic in a higher dose 0.25 g/kg had a better effect in improving health and decrease stress side effects than that in the lower dose 0.25 g/kg feed.