Journal of Advanced Veterinary Research

Immunological and histopathological evaluation of the seventh day Intermediate Plus Tissue Culture live attenuated IBD vaccine in commercial broiler chickens

2025-07-02T17:34:56+00:00

Infectious Bursal Disease (IBD) causes significant challenges to the poultry industry, particularly with the emergence of novel variant Infectious Bursal Disease virus (IBDV) strains. Effective vaccination program is required for controlling this disease, but the impact of such vaccines on the bursa of Fabricius, the main immune organ, remains a concern. This study had been conducted for immunological evaluation of early vaccination with Intermediate plus tissue culture (INP-TC) IBD vaccine (Bursipharm®) and to assess the impact of this vaccine on the bursa of Fabricius in broiler chickens. No significant differences were observed in body weight and feed conversion ratio between the vaccinated and control groups. The relative weight of the bursa and spleen did not differ significantly, and the bursa/body index indicated no significant atrophy on the bursa of Fabricius in vaccinated birds. Immunologically, IBDV antibody titers were significantly higher in the vaccinated group, whereas Newcastle disease virus (NDV) antibody levels showed no significant differences. Histopathological lesion score in bursa of Fabricius showed mild to moderate lesions in the vaccinated group without causing any pathological atrophy throughout the experiment. Using the intermediate plus IBDV tissue culture origin vaccine (Bursipharm®) at 7 days and the second dose at 14 days induced an effective immune response against Gumboro disease with controllable effects on the bursa of Fabricius. The vaccine can overcome maternal derived antibodies (MDA) and initiate an immune response as early as possible, which becomes beneficial in combating novel variant strain of IBDV and preventing the replication of this strain in the bursa of Fabricius at an early age.

Sperm characteristics in frozen semen using microscopy and flow cytometry in breeding bulls from Cajamarca, Peru

2025-05-28T10:53:04+00:00

Evaluating bulls is crucial for selecting sires and ensuring the sustainability of livestock herds. This study aimed to assess sperm quality in frozen semen from breeding bulls in Cajamarca, Peru. Three bulls from the Holstein, Brown Swiss, and Fleckvieh breeds were selected, and three 0.5 mL straws from each bull were analyzed. Optical microscopy revealed an overall motility of 40.37±18.29%, a concentration of 89.07±39.51 million spermatozoa/mL, and normal morphology of 81±5.95%, surpassing the minimum international quality control standards for commercialization. Flow cytometry analysis showed that plasma membrane integrity (PMI), assessed using SYBR/PI, reached 17.5±7.79%; mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), evaluated with MitoTracker Deep Red FM, was 22.67±8.96%; and acrosomal membrane integrity (AMI), assessed with FITC-PSA/PI, was 19.24±8.15%. PMI varied among breeds, being lowest in Holstein bulls (11.50±5.32%), followed by Brown Swiss (20.49±9.57%) and Fleckvieh (20.52±4.05%). A similar trend was observed for MMP, with Holstein exhibiting the lowest values (16.01±8.25%), followed by Brown Swiss (23.80±8.9%) and Fleckvieh (28.19±5.28%) (P<0.05). No differences in AMI were found among breeds (P>0.05). A direct correlation was observed between PMI and MMP (r: 0.763; P=0.000), PMI and AMI (r: 0.850; P=0.000), and MMP and AMI (r: 0.635; P=0.000). Normal sperm morphology was correlated with PMI (r: 0.4; P=0.039) and inversely correlated with AMI (r: -0.534; P=0.004). In summary, sperm characteristics assessed via microscopy in breeding bulls from Cajamarca showed acceptable values. However, flow cytometry evaluations revealed lower values, particularly in Holstein bulls, which exhibited lower percentages of PMI and MMP compared to Brown Swiss and Fleckvieh breeds.

Association of passive transfer failure of colostrum and serum immunoglobulins with risk factors in both natural and embryo transfer arabian foals

2025-05-28T17:25:59+00:00

Thirty Arabian foals were included in this study, 15 produced by natural breeding and the others by the embryo transfer technique. This study was conducted during the first 24 hours of the foal's life, as the foal immunoglobulin (IgG) levels were measured using three different methods. The first method, the most reliable in this study, was the ELISA test (reference method). The other methods used for serum analysis were the refractometer and zinc sulfate test, while the colostrum immunoglobulins (IgG) of mares were measured only by refractometer. Furthermore, some statistical analyses were performed to assess the diagnostic test characteristics of the refractometer and zinc sulfate test, which were used to calculate the optimal cut-off values for estimating different passive immunity statuses in foals. The optimal cut-off values were selected based on sensitivity and specificity, as the best cut-off point contains the ideal combination of these factors. Additionally, the calculation of the area under the curve (AUC) for the refractometer and zinc sulfate tests provided information about the accuracy of the tests in differentiating foals with and without failure of passive transfer (FPT). This study aimed to estimate the risk factors associated with the failure of passive transfer. The results revealed that these factors are related to the dam, including age, parity, pregnancy type (whether broodmare or recipient), body weight, body condition scores, gestation period, mineral salt administration, and measurement of colostrum IgG by refractometer, as well as serum IgG by ELISA, zinc sulfate, and refractometer. On the other hand, factors related to foals included birth weight, number of navel disinfection, foaling time, gender, and measurement of IgG in serum by ELISA, zinc sulfate, and refractometer.

Molecular detection of extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli in imported canaries (Serinus canaria) from Malaysia

2025-07-02T18:28:35+00:00

The increasing public interest in keeping canaries has driven the growth of international trade in ornamental birds in Indonesia, especially in East Java. Data from the East Java Animal, Fish, and Plant Quarantine Center shows a significant increase in imports of canaries (Serinus canaria) from Malaysia. The high volume of imports has the potential to be a route of entry and spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, one of which is Escherichia coli. The ability of E. coli to transfer resistance genes to other bacteria makes it an important reservoir in the dynamics of antimicrobial resistance in the environment. This study aimed to identify the presence of E. coli producing Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase (ESBL) in imported canaries, as well as to analyze their antimicrobial resistance profiles. A total of 150 canary feces samples were taken aseptically at the Malang Animal Quarantine Installation. Isolation of E. coli was carried out using Eosin Methylene Blue Agar (EMBA) media and confirmed by the IMViC biochemical test. Antibiotic sensitivity test (amoxicillin, ceftazidime, ciprofloxacin, tetracycline, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole) using the Kirby-Bauer method. Detection of the bla_TEM gene in Multidrug Resistance (MDR) isolates was carried out by PCR. Of the 150 samples, 27 isolates (18%) were confirmed as E. coli, with 81.4% (22/27) showing an MDR pattern. The highest resistance was found to tetracycline (88.9%), amoxicillin (85.1%), and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (70.4%). The bla_TEM gene was detected in 59.1% (13/22) of the MDR isolates, indicating a plasmid-mediated beta-lactam resistance mechanism. Imported canaries have the potential to be a reservoir of ESBL-producing E. coli with a high prevalence of MDR. These findings highlight the need for strict supervision of bird imports and regulation of antibiotic use in farms to prevent the spread of antimicrobial resistance.

Assessment of preservation and nutritional quality in tropical forage silage using an innovative modified silos system

2025-07-03T18:13:44+00:00

This study aimed to evaluate the physical quality of forage silage using a modified silo (MOSI) on a laboratory scale and address common problems in silage production, such as spoilage in the early phase of ensilage, by innovating a silo design that can effectively control airflow. This study used a factorial complete randomized design with two factors: wilting time (0 hours and 2 hours) and vacuum (vacuum and not vacuum). Fresh king grass (Pennisetum purpureum) was used as a forage material, divided into fresh and withered samples. The modified silo (MOSI) was equipped with an air valve to control air flow. Physical quality parameters such as pH, color, odor and texture were analyzed along with chemical composition, including dry matter, organic matter, crude protein and fiber content. The results showed that vacuum conditions significantly improved the physical quality of silage. The highest dry matter and organic matter contents were observed in the vacuum treatment without weathering. The study also found that vacuum conditions reduced spoilage and maintained better color, odor, and texture of silage compared to non-vacuum conditions. The interaction between weathering time and vacuum showed a significant effect on dry matter, organic matter, and crude protein content. Modified silos (MOSI) effectively improve the physical quality of tropical forage silage by controlling airflow and creating optimal anaerobic conditions. This innovation has the potential to reduce spoilage and improve overall silage quality, making it a valuable tool for forage preservation with effective air regulation within the silo during the ensilage process.

Potential dietary of manganese, zinc and copper nanoparticles supplementation in improving growth performance, blood metabolites and cecal short-chain fatty acids of broilers

2025-07-20T17:39:50+00:00

A 35-day experiment was carried out to study the effect of replacement inorganic Mn, Zn and Cu by nanoparticles sources (either separately or in combination) in broilers diet on performance of growth, parameters of serum biochemistry and cecal short-chain fatty acids. A total number of 120 one day old, unsexed broiler chicks (Ross 308) were divided into five groups at random, with 24 chicks in each of the three replicates (8 per each). Group 1 was fed on the diet contained inorganic Mn, Zn and Cu sulfate while, group 2,3 and 4 fed diets containing Mn, Zn and Cu-sulfate nano particles, respectively). Chicks in group 5 receiving diet with a combination of nano- Mn, Zn and Cu. The results revealed that, inclusion of Mn, Zn and Cu nano particles had a positive effect on growth performance metrics, as seen by increased final weight of the body and total gaining in weight during the experimental period compared to control. The groups supplemented with nanoparticles had considerably (p<0.01) lower feed consumption than the inorganic-treated group (control). There was a significant improvement in the feed conversion ratio (FCR) and European performance efficiency factor (EPEF) of nano-trace elements supplemented group. In addition, all nano-treated groups exhibited a significant increase in serum total protein, globulin, serum minerals (Mn, Zn, Cu, Ca, and P), and cecal SCFAs as compared to the control. All groups supplemented with nano- minerals showed reduced levels of liver function test (ALT and AST), renal function test (creatinine, urea, and uric acid), lipid profile (Cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL, and VLDL). Conclusively, inclusion of nano-Mn, Zn and Cu in broiler diets (either single or in a combination) lead to appreciable enhancements in all assessed parameters experimented in this study.

Immune response of rabbits after vaccination against Septicemia epizootica based on protein A matrix of Staphylococcus aureus

2025-07-09T15:40:53+00:00

Septicemia epizootica (SE), caused by Pasteurella multocida, is an acute infectious disease affecting livestock. The formulation of a P. multocida vaccine derived from Indonesian strains, and hyperimmune serum was developed using Staphylococcus aureus containing protein A as a matrix to enhance the binding between components. This study aimed to evaluate the humoral immune response in Hycole rabbits following vaccination with a vaccine formulated using a Staphylococcus aureus protein A-based matrix. Three types of inactivated P. multocida vaccines adjuvanted with Montanide ISA 70 M VG (Sepic®) were prepared in different formulations. (1) Vaccine with 5 parts S. aureus protein A suspension to 1 part hyperimmune serum, (2) Vaccine formulated with a ratio of 1 part S. aureus protein A suspension to 2 parts hyperimmune serum, and (3) Whole-cell P. multocida vaccine without matrix. A commercial SE vaccine was used as a control. A total of 16 rabbits were divided into four groups, including treatment and control. The vaccines were administered intramuscularly twice, with a two-week interval between doses. Antibody titers were measured using the ELISA method in the second week after the primary immunization and in the second week following the booster dose. The study results showed that all groups experienced an increase in antibody titers following vaccination, with varying levels of effectiveness. The commercial vaccine (vaccine 4) induced the highest immune response, followed by vaccine 1, which emerged as the most promising experimental candidate. Vaccine 2 demonstrated the lowest response, indicating that its effectiveness needs to be re-evaluated.

Replacing crude fiber content of berseem hay by wheat straw with or without probiotics or enzymes in the diets of growing rabbits

2025-07-30T17:25:06+00:00

The goal of the current study was to assess the impact of partial or complete substitution of crude fiber content of berseem hay by wheat straw with or without probiotics or enzymes on growth performance, caecal contents parameters, nutrients digestibility and economic efficiency of growing rabbits. Eighty-four weaned New Zealand White rabbits of both sexes (at 30 days of age) were randomly assigned to seven groups, each consisting of twelve rabbits. The same feed ingredients as the control diet (D1) were used to create two experimental pelleted diets, but one source of roughage (wheat straw) was added in diets 2 (D2) and 3 (D3) which replaced 50 & 100% of the crude fiber content of berseem hay with or without probiotics or enzymes. The first group (control group) was given a basal control pelleted diet (D1) that included berseem hay as the primary source of crude fiber without additives. The second, third and fourth groups fed on the second pelleted experimental diet (D2) in which fiber content of wheat straw replaced 50% of berseem hay without (group 2) or with probiotics (group 3) or enzymes (group 4). The fifth, sixth and seventh groups fed on the third pelleted experimental diet (D3) in which fiber content of wheat straw replaced 100% of berseem hay without (group 5) or with probiotics (group 6) or enzymes (group 7). Experimental period extended for 42 days from weaning (at 30 days) to slaughter age (at 72 days). The results showed that replacing of 50 or 100% of berseem hay fiber by wheat straw with probiotics or enzymes in the diets of growing rabbits increased the final weight of the body, gaining in weight, the cumulative feed consumption and economical feed efficiency as well as improved the feed conversion ratio, performance index, the coefficients of digestion for all nutrient and also feeding criteria including DCP & TDN in comparison with control. During the entire trial, there was no mortality among rabbits fed diets made with wheat straw supplemented with probitoics or enzymes, while those fed the same diets without additives had a lower mortality rate than the control group, which had the highest mortality rate. Compared to other treatment groups and the control, rabbits fed diets containing wheat straw supplemented with enzymes, had the highest values of total bacterial count and total volatile fatty acids of the cecal content. In conclusion, it is cost-effective to replace 50 or 100% of the fiber in berseem hay with wheat straw fiber, either without or with probiotics or enzyme supplements, and the feed additives will enhance the growth performance metrics for growing New Zealand White rabbits.

Molecular identification of Klebsiella pneumoniae that produces extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) in canaries (Serinus canaria) imported from Malaysia

2025-07-24T19:53:52+00:00

Klebsiella pneumoniae is an opportunistic Gram-negative bacterium known to cause serious infections in humans and animals and has the ability to develop resistance to various antibiotics. One of the most concerning resistance mechanisms is the production of Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase (ESBL) enzymes, which can hydrolyze the latest generation of β-lactam antibiotics. This study aimed to identify the presence of ESBL-encoding genes, specifically blaTEM and blaSHV, in K. pneumoniae isolates obtained from imported canaries (Serinus canaria). A total of 150 fresh fecal samples were collected from imported canaries in Malang Regency and analyzed using conventional microbiological methods. Identification was carried out through colony morphology characterization, Gram staining, and biochemical tests (IMViC, SIM, TSIA). Isolates identified as K. pneumoniae were then tested for sensitivity to five types of antibiotics using the disk diffusion method and continued with molecular detection of ESBL genes using PCR techniques. The results showed that 12 samples (8%) were positive for K. pneumoniae, and of these, 10 isolates (83.3%) showed resistance to ≥3 classes of antibiotics, categorized as multidrug-resistant (MDR). Molecular detection revealed that 6 isolates carried the blaTEM gene and 1 isolate carried the blaSHV gene. These findings indicate that imported canaries have the potential to be a reservoir of ESBL-producing K. pneumoniae and may contribute to the spread of antimicrobial resistance across species. Surveillance and early detection efforts are needed within the context of a One Health approach to prevent the risk of zoonoses and the spread of resistance in the global environment.

Impact of Nigella sativa meal on blood metabolites and immune status of growing lambs

2025-07-24T19:42:20+00:00

The aim of the present study was to assess the impact of Nigella sativa meal (NSM) at different levels of inclusion on blood metabolites, antioxidant status and immunomodulatory of growing lambs. Thirty-five Rahmani lambs were randomly allocated to five diet treatments for 90 days. Group 1 received a basal diet without Nigella sativa meal and considered as control, while groups 2, 3, 4 and 5 fed on diets contained 6, 12, 18 and 24 % NSM, respectively. The parameters measured were blood metabolites, oxidative stress indicators, immune response, and inflammatory cytokines levels. Blood metabolites indicated increased total protein, albumin, and globulin levels, while the levels of creatinine, liver enzymes, lipids, and glucose were reduced. There were increases in antioxidants and immune markers and a decrease in inflammatory markers. It could be concluded that supplementation of NSM enhance blood metabolites, antioxidant status, and immune status of growing Rahmani lambs and therefore, suggests the use of NSM as a sustainable and ideal alternative for antibiotics.

Effect of Ruellia tuberosa L. leaf extract on germinal epithelium thickness and seminiferous tubule diameter in the testes of alloxan-induced white rats

2025-07-20T17:33:21+00:00

Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a pathological condition that leads to metabolic disturbances, affecting the health of both human and animals. R. tuberosa leaf extract, which contains antioxidants such as saponins, carotenoids, flavonoids, and phenols, has the potential to neutralize free radicals and reduce oxidative stress, thereby mitigating testicular tissue damage. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of R. tuberosa leaf extract on germinal epithelium thickness and seminiferous tubule diameter in the testes of alloxan-induced white rats. This experimental study used a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with white rats as the animal models. The treatment groups included P0 (normal control), K- (diabetic control), K+ (50 mg/kg BW of metformin), P1 (200 mg/kg BW of R. tuberosa leaf extract), P2 (400 mg/kg BW of R. tuberosa leaf extract). Testicular organ samples were collected on day 14. Histopathological samples were stained with Hematoxylin-Eosin and examined under a trinocular microscope at 100X magnification. Data on germinal epithelium thickness and seminiferous tubule diameter were analyzed using ANOVA, followed by Duncan’s test. The group receiving R. tuberosa leaf extract (200 mg/kg BW) exhibited the highest mean germinal epithelium thickness, while the diabetic control group showed the lowest value. Similarly, the group treated with R. tuberosa leaf extract (400 mg/kg BW) showed the highest seminiferous tubule diameter, and the lowest was the diabetic control group. The study indicated that the administration of R. tuberosa leaf extract at doses of 200 mg/kg BW and 400 mg/kg BW significantly improved germinal epithelium thickness and seminiferous tubule diameter compared to the 50 mg/kg BW dose of metformin treatment.

The expression pattern of the vitamin D receptor gene (VDR) and the related cytokine response in horses with allergic dermatitis

2025-09-25T07:18:40+00:00

Allergic dermatitis in horses is a prevalent clinical issue due to food allergy or insect bites and stings. The purpose of this research was to assess the correlation of the Vitamin D Receptor (VDR) gene and cytokines in horses suffering from allergic dermatitis. Forty horses diagnosed with allergic dermatitis and five clinically healthy horses were investigated. Serum concentration of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) was evaluated, and real-time PCR was conducted for relative quantitation of the mRNA expression level of the VDR gene in the blood samples of the horses. The horses with allergic dermatitis presented with pruritus, scabbing, alopecia confined to the lesion site, anxiety, and redness of the skin clinically. There was considerable elevation in IL-1β (p < 0.01) and TNF (p < 0.01) levels in horses with allergic dermatitis relative to clinically healthy horses. However, expression of the VDR gene was reduced (p < 0.001) considerably in horses with allergic dermatitis relative to controls. There was considerable correlation of IL-1β with TNF-α levels (r =, p = 0.001). Conversely, a negative correlation was noted between VDR expression and levels of IL-1β and TNF-α. In conclusion, the findings in this study show that the VDR gene has a critical role to play in the context of allergic dermatitis in horses. More research needs to be conducted on the possibility of vitamin D as a preventative treatment for allergic dermatitis in clinical practice.

Alterations in the lipid profile and oxidative stress associated with anorexia in donkeys with large intestinal impaction

2025-09-25T19:00:41+00:00

Hyperlipemia is one of the most common and life-threatening conditions, frequently associated with anorexia secondary to many disease conditions. The aim of the present investigation was to assess the lipid profile and oxidative stress associated with different durations of anorexia in donkeys with large intestinal impaction. Twenty-three non-pregnant female donkeys (7–13 years, 270–300 kg) affected by large intestinal impaction and varying durations of anorexia (1, 3, 5, and ≥ 6 days) were investigated. Blood samples were collected and analyzed for lipid profile, oxidative stress markers, hepatic indicators, and antioxidant defenses. Results revealed progressive significant increases (p < 0.05) in serum triglycerides, LDL, uric acid, nitric oxide, lipid peroxidase, and bilirubin, indicating enhanced fat mobilization, hepatic strain, and oxidative stress. Conversely, antioxidant defenses such as catalase activity and vitamin C declined sharply, while HDL levels also decreased significantly (p <0.05). Albumin showed a mild reduction, whereas total protein remained stable. The findings highlight that prolonged anorexia, especially beyond 5–6 days, induces severe metabolic dysregulation and oxidative imbalance, predisposing donkeys to hyperlipemia and hepatic dysfunction. Early nutritional and antioxidant intervention is therefore crucial to mitigate these risks and improve survival outcomes in anorexic donkeys suffering from impaction of the large intestine.

Swine Vesicular Disease: A clinical threat resembling Foot and Mouth Disease

2025-07-02T18:23:00+00:00

The contagious vesicular illness known as swine vesicular disease (SVD) affects pigs and has substantial veterinary and economic effects, primarily because its clinical signs are comparable to those of foot and mouth disease (FMD). Even while SVD is not zoonotic and seldom causes death, it can create emergency reactions that affect the trade in animals and livestock products, which makes it a serious problem. This illness is brought on by the Swine Vesicular Disease Virus (SVDV), a positive-stranded single-stranded RNA virus that is a member of the family Picornaviridae and genus Enterovirus. Since SVDV and human Coxsackievirus B5 share a high degree of genetic similarity, it is possible that the virus originated in humans and then crossed species to adapt to pigs. After being discovered in Italy for the first time in 1966, SVD has since been intermittently reported in many parts of Europe and Asia. Transmission happens by direct animal-to-animal contact, the fecal-oral route, and indirect channels including infected clothing, equipment, and vehicles. This virus poses a significant obstacle to eradication attempts due to its great resistance to environmental factors and disinfectants. Although subclinical infections are common, clinical symptoms include fever, weakness, and vesicles on the legs, muzzle, and around the nails. Control efforts depend on early discovery, animal culling, cleaning, and rigorous biosecurity implementation because there are no commercial vaccinations or targeted treatments available.

The potential of quails as reservoirs for extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing bacteria: A public health perspective

2025-07-09T16:18:54+00:00

Quails are included in the group of poultry that are susceptible to various diseases, one of which is colibacillosis. The large and increasing population of quails, if antibiotics are given continuously, will contribute to antibiotic resistance in the livestock sector. extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) is an enzyme produced in the plasmid of Gram-negative bacteria that have resistance to β-lactam antibiotics. ESBL is produced by nosocomial pathogens such as Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter spp. The quail farming environment is often a reservoir for ESBL bacteria due to several factors, including intensive use of antibiotics for disease prevention and growth, as well as inadequate sanitation. ESBL-producing bacteria in quails can be transferred to humans through several potential routes. Direct contact with quail or consumption of contaminated processed products can be the main route of transmission of ESBL bacteria to humans. In addition, agricultural environments contaminated with livestock waste are also a source of the spread of resistant bacteria to the environment and ultimately to the human population. Monitoring antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in the poultry sector, especially quail, is essential to prevent the spread of difficult-to-treat infections in humans. This includes improving standards of cage and equipment hygiene, good waste management, and restricting access to the farm area. In addition, antibiotic use must be carried out wisely and based on veterinarian recommendations, to avoid selection of resistant bacteria.

Epizootic bovine abortion: A devastating disease for cattle

2025-07-03T18:01:37+00:00

Foothill abortion, also known as Epizootic Bovine Abortion (EBA), is a condition that causes abortion in cattle. EBA is caused by the bacterium Pajaroellobacter abortibovis, which is transported by the Pajaroello tick (Ornithodoros coriaceus). EBA is thought to have existed in California since the 1920s, and in the early 1950s it was identified as a major factor limiting the state's maximum calf output. Since 1954, California cow ranches have seen significant calf losses of up to 65% in the early stages of pregnancy due to EBA. It seems that P. abortibovis enters the growing fetus through the placenta of infected cows. The immune system's reaction to EBA includes the return of immune cells to eradicate bacteria and bacterial multiplication. Chronic prenatal infections caused by EBA agents result in extensive gross and histologic lesions. Abortion frequently happens in the last trimester, and lesions progress over three months or longer. Historically, fetal pathology, higher fetal serum immunoglobulin levels, and a history of the dam grazing in an area thought to be endemic for the disease during pregnancy have been used to diagnose EBA. Cows six months or less pregnant, the availability of hungry Pajaroello ticks in the cows' grazing area, cows who have not been exposed before and lack immunity, and warm, dry weather that speeds up the tick's metabolism are risk factors for EBA. Controlling EBA has classically involved only making adjustments to management techniques that can occasionally lessen, but not always completely eradicate, the losses brought on by EBA.

Modulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase by endocrine-disrupting chemicals

2025-07-04T11:30:33+00:00

Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are used to describe environmental agents that alter endocrine function. They are found in the environment as constituents of consumer products, such as plastic bottles, toys, and pesticides. Mechanisms of action for their effects are not thoroughly understood. Some chemicals may disrupt endocrine function via mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs). Kinases function in signal-transducing pathways involved in regulating key cellular processes in many organisms. These kinases can be activated by various extracellular physiological or pathological stimuli. EDCs initiate stress and induce kinase phosphorylation cascades. This review discusses previous studies regarding MAPK pathways and their role in endocrine disruption. This work highlights the pathological effects of EDCs and describes their impact on MAPK signaling.

Paratyphoid salmonellosis: A disease of significance in pigeons (Columba livia)

2025-07-15T18:27:28+00:00

Pigeons may be kept in captivity as pet and companion birds, or raised for laboratory specimens, sport or racing, and meat production. Pigeons (Columba livia) belong to order Columbiformes and family Columbidae. Pigeons are susceptible to many important bacterial, viral and parasitic threats. One of the most important bacterial diseases that affect all breads of pigeons is salmonellosis or paratyphoid. Until now, the disease still constitutes one of the most important serious diseases of economic and zoonotic significance for owners of pigeons. Different serotypes of Salmonella have been isolated from pigeons. However, Salmonella (S. Typhimurium) and S. Enteritidis are the most common. Salmonellosis in young squab pigeons causes high mortalities, besides the enteric and nervous manifestations. Chronic carrier diseased pigeons create a hazard to the other avian species and humans. The close contact with pigeons and their droppings is a risk for people who frequently share the same environment. Therefore, pigeon’s flocks should be regularly checked for the early detection of Salmonella infection status, and the positive reactors should be eradicated with a strict biosecurity plan. Antibiotic sensitivity test is very important before any treatment of Salmonella infection in pigeons as a result of continuous development of resistance. Since the multiple needs for raising pigeons and the scientific literature discussing the most important infections of pigeons are insufficient, this article spots-light on salmonellosis in pigeons regarding the disease infection and transmission, signs and lesions, diagnosis, treatment, and vaccination.

Current insights into the most common pancreatic diseases in cattle: An updated review

2025-04-26T16:06:24+00:00

Pancreas is one of the biggest and most important glands in cattle. The pancreas has both endocrine and exocrine functions. It produces hormones essential for controlling blood glucose levels, bicarbonate ions that maintain acid-base balance and enzymes that aid in the digestion of feed. Effective pancreatic function is essential for guaranteeing optimal digestion and nutrient intake. Nonetheless, different pancreatic conditions can hinder the effectiveness of this essential organ. The pancreatic diseases in cattle consist of acute pancreatitis, chronic pancreatitis, necrosis of pancreatic fat, pancreatic tumors, diabetes mellitus, pancreatic stones and pancreatic fluke infections. This research aimed to identify the different pancreatic diseases impacting cattle currently, examine their effects on pancreatic histopathology and investigate related biochemical alterations to enhance understanding of their influence on cattle health and productivity.

Camelpox: The hidden threat to camel farming

2025-07-24T19:50:40+00:00

Camelpox is an infectious disease brought on by the camelpox virus (CMLV), a member of the Poxviridae family's Orthopoxvirus (OPV) genus. In 1909, camelpox was initially identified in India. It is believed that CMLV only spontaneously infects camels from the Old World. Since camels are utilized for transportation, racing, nomadic herding, and the production of milk, wool, and meat, camelpox is found in camel-breeding regions of Africa, the Middle East, and Asia north of the equator. The skin is typically where CMLV enters the body. The virus travels to local lymph nodes after local replication and the development of primary cutaneous lesions, resulting in leukocyte-associated viremia, which may be accompanied by fever. Genes that control or circumvent host immune responses, host cell apoptosis, and cell or tissue tropism are found in the CMLV genome. Postmortem examination of camels that died of a severe camelpox illness revealed several smallpox-like lesions on the mouth, respiratory (particularly the trachea and lungs), and digestive tract mucous membranes. One to three days after the fever starts, skin lesions such as erythematous macules, papules, vesicles, pustules, and crusts from ruptured pustules start to show up. For the diagnosis of camelpox, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), cell culture isolation, conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests, immunohistochemistry, and the presence of neutralizing antibodies are some of the suggested tests. Three ways exist for CMLV to spread: direct contact, indirect contact, and insect vectors. As an alternate treatment, antiviral medications might be used, particularly for young camels. A preventative method to stop the spread of camelpox in enzootic nations is the camelpox vaccine.

First report on the diagnostic, treatment and recovery of a spinal fracture in a vulnerable Marbled Newt (Triturus marmoratus, Latreille, 1800)

2025-07-09T16:53:41+00:00

A free-living adult female Marbled Newt (Triturus marmoratus), a species listed as Vulnerable by the IUCN, was admitted to the Wildlife Rehabilitation Centre of UTAD (CRAS-UTAD) with a spinal fracture and dorsal wound exposing the coelomic cavity. Clinical signs included hypoactivity, dyspnoea, and mild dehydration. Imaging confirmed a spinal fracture between the 8^th and 9^th vertebrae, with vertical dislocation and scoliosis, but without evidence of complete spinal cord severance. Treatment involved wound management, pharmacological therapy, and environmental support without spinal fixation. Despite wound complications and a prolonged recovery of 96 days, the animal retained full neurological function and mobility. It was successfully released into its natural habitat, having adapted to residual scoliosis and dermal thickening at the injury site. This case highlights the resilience and regenerative capacity of T. marmoratus and supports the feasibility of conservative management in selected cases of spinal trauma in amphibians.