Journal of Advanced Veterinary Research

Cloacal prolapse of a Marsh Crocodile (Crocodylus palustris) at Chittagong Zoo in Bangladesh: A case report

Md. Shahadat Hossain Suvo — 2025-04-09

A male marsh crocodile (Crocodylus palustris) weighing 50 kg from Chittagong Zoo was reported to have suffered from depression, anorexia for a day, difficulty in passing feces and an observed mass at the cloacal area. The animal was reported to be apathetic and lethargic. During a controlled clinical examination performed in dorsal recumbency, a large, inflamed, edematous, and reddish prolapsed mass protruded through the cloaca. In keeping with the prolapsed organ's extended exposure, the affected area showed tissue damage and localized irritation. Thus, a cloacal prolapse was diagnosed based on the clinical findings. Treatment involved the cleaning of the prolapsed tissue with warmed saline to reduce chances of infection, smearing with a concentrated sugar solution to reduce edema and inflammation, replacing the prolapsed tissue gently, and the application of transverse sutures to avoid recurrence but not compromising the functioning of the vent. Antibiotics and NSAIDs were given intramuscularly to combat infections and inflammation respectively. The post-operative care included rehydration and a change of diet to ensure the healing process and prevent the recurrence of the condition. This case serves to illustrate a multidisciplinary approach in the management of cloacal prolapse in crocodiles and emphasizes once more the dietary, hydration, and stress components that are considered critical in captivity.

Cinnamon zeylanicum extract improves some metabolic disorders associated with polycystic ovary syndrome by modulating miR-21/SIRT-1/GSK-3β pathways

Eman A. El-komy — 2025-04-01

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is a commonly occurring condition, influencing both metabolic and reproductive system-related functions. Hence, the objective of this research was to examine the possibility influence of Cinnamomum zeylanicum (CZ) on hormonal disorders, hyperinsulinemia, inflammation and some gene expressions in rats with PCOS pathogenesis. 50 female albino rats were classified into five groups: Control group: rats were received no medication. Induced PCOS Group: rats were treated daily with Letrozole at dose 1 mg/kg for 28 days. Metformin group: rats were given metformin at dose 150 mg/kg for 30 days after receiving Letrozole. Cinnamomum zeylanicum group: rats received Letrozole like group II and treated for 30 days with 200 mg/kg of the hydroalcoholic extract of CZ. Metformin + CZ group: rats given daily metformin and hydroalcoholic extract of CZ for 30 days after Letrozole administration. PCOS Rats exhibited a marked elevation of serum testosterone and LH hormone with a marked decrease of FSH hormone. A significant increase in insulin and glucose concentrations, augmented in TNF-α and IL-6 concentrations, upregulation of GSK-3β and miRNA-21 genes, and downregulation of SIRT-1 expression. Histopathological examination revealed multiple ovarian cysts with a notable absence of corpora lutea, increased stromal thickness, hyperplasia of the theca cells, and follicular arrest. Management of diseased rats with CZ extract showed noticeable improvement in all parameters. The findings indicate that cinnamonaldehyde in Cinnamomum zeylanicum extract has beneficial effects on hormonal imbalance, insulin sensitivity, and inflammation underscoring its potential as a treatment approach for PCOS.

Impact of high-oil diets with bile acids or bovine bile extracts on growth performance and histomorphology of liver and intestine in grower broilers

Amir Machmud Mauludin — 2025-04-01

This study investigated the effects of supplementing high-fat starter diets with bovine bile extract (BBE) and commercial bile acid (CBA) on growth performance, organ morphology, histomorphology of the small intestine and liver, fat digestibility, and economic outcomes in broilers during the starter phase. A total of 336 Cobb strain day-old chicks were randomly assigned to eight dietary regimens: BF (basal fat), HF (high fat), HF+CBA (200, 400, and 600 mg/kg), and HF+BBE (200, 400, and 600 mg/kg), with six replicates per regimen. The feeding trial was conducted from days 7 to 21. Data were analyzed using orthogonal contrasts and polynomial analysis. Results showed that CBA at low levels significantly increased body weight gain (P = 0.02). Additionally, BBE supplementation significantly increased body weight gain (P = 0.05), performance index (P = 0.03), and reduced feed conversion ratio (FCR) (P = 0.04). HF+CBA (200) and HF+BBE (600) treatments significantly reduced FCR (P = 0.01) and improved the performance index (P = 0.02) by day 21. CBA also significantly increased pancreatic weight (P = 0.02) and villus height (P = 0.01). BBE significantly reduced bile weight (P = 0.03), increased ileum weight (P = 0.04), and extended the length of the large intestine (P < 0.01). Economically, the treatments BF vs HF HF+CBA (200) and HF+BBE (600) increased revenue by 5.25% and IOFC by 12.29%, while HF+CBA (200) vs HF+BBE (600) raised IOFC by 9.71%. In conclusion, supplementing high-fat diets with CBA and BBE improved growth performance, digestive organ efficiency, and economic outcomes, and BBE at 600 mg/kg was identified as the optimal dose for supplementation.

Influence of biologically treated jojoba meal with or without Alpinia galanga on growth performance and blood profile of weanling rabbits in North Sinai, Egypt

El-Sayed O.A. Bakr — 2025-04-01

The purpose of this work was to assess the utilization of biologically treated jojoba meal without or with Alpinia galanga as a protein source in weanling rabbits' feed. Thirty weaned New Zealand white (NZW) rabbits, aged 35 days and weighed 653.0±45.03 g, were assigned at random to three treatment groups (10/group). Experimental groups were as follows: the 1^st group: Basal diet (CON), the 2^nd group: Basal diet containing 10% treated jojoba meal (JML; substituted 40% of the soybean protein) and the 3^rd group: Basal diet containing 10% treated jojoba meal and 0.25% Alpinia galanga (JMLA). At the finish of the experiment duration, four rabbits were randomly picked from each group and slaughtered to examine carcass features and blood characteristics. Results indicated that replacement of 40% soybean protein by protein of biologically treated jojoba meal without or with Alpinia galanga did not affect growth performance such as live body weight (LBW), total weight gain (TWG), daily weight gain (DWG), total and daily feed intake (TFI and DFI), feed conversion ratio (FCR), relative growth weight (RGW) and performance index (PI) at different ages (5-13 weeks age). Viability (%) was 100% for all treatment groups. Results indicated no discernible variations in blood parameters or carcass features among treatment groups. It could be concluded that the weanling rabbits' growth performance and health are unaffected using biologically processed jojoba meal without or with Alpinia galanga as a partial substitute for soybean meal protein.

First molecular characterization of Columbid herpesvirus-1 isolated from pigeons in Egypt

Wesal Abdellatif — 2025-04-01

Columbid herpesvirus-1 (CoHV-1) is one of the most frequent pigeon diseases reported worldwide. It is associated with respiratory and nervous manifestations in pigeons and necrotic lesions in their livers. It may cause sudden death, especially in young and immunosuppressed pigeons, and thus, this study aimed to demonstrate the occurrence and genetic characterization of CoHV-1 in Egypt. In this study, forty-four cloacal swabs and tissue samples were collected from Qena governorate, South Egypt. These samples were screened for CoHV1 by conventional polymerase chain reaction-based assay (PCR). The PCR results revealed the presence of herpesvirus DNA in Sixteen pigeons’ samples. The liver and spleen formalin-fixed tissue samples proved the presence of eosinophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies by histopathological examinations. Four samples were selected for Sanger sequencing for virus characterization. Nucleotide sequencing of the DNA-dependent DNA polymerase gene showed a high similarity with Columbid herpesvirus-1 strains from China, Thailand, and Turkey and with Falconid herpesvirus from the USA. This characterization of CoHV-1 isolates from South Egypt helped in giving informative data about their genetic relationships with global strains and decreased the research gap in studying pigeon diseases in Egypt and worldwide.

Ovarian dynamics and hemodynamics of pubertal fat-tail ewes supplemented moringa seed cake before and after exogenous progesterone synchronization

Sabreen M.A. Abuelmagd — 2025-04-01

To study the effect of supplementation of moringa seed cake on the ovarian dynamics and hemodynamics, hormonal and antioxidant capacity of yearling ewes, native ewes (n=20) were equally divided into control supplemented the basal diet and moringa seed cake (MSC) supplemented orally 7.0g daily for 45 days. After 17 days of starting supplementation, exogenous 45mg progesterone sponges were inserted for a short period (6 days) and each animal was administrated 2.5mg Dinoprost tromethamine on the day of sponge removal. Ultrasound Doppler was conducted and blood samples were collected on the day of sponge insertion (Day -6), sponge removal (Day 0), Days 2, 9, 15, and 21. Results indicated increased dominant follicle diameter and number in ewe-lambs supplemented with MSC on Day 2 (P=0.0007), 9 (P=0.009), and Day 21 (P=0.005)Subordinate follicle diameter of MSC increased on Day -6, 2 (P<0.0001), 9 (P=0.004) and 21 (P=0.012). The follicle’s average circumference, area, and perimeter increased (P<0.0001) in ewe-lambs supplemented with MSC on Days 2, 9, and 21. CL diameter, perimeter, and area of MSC reached the highest (P<0.0001) on Day 15 but those of control reached the maximum diameter (P=0.032) on Day 21. Ovarian color area of MSC increased (P<0.01) on days 0 and 2. The concentrations of total antioxidants, glutathione reduced, catalase, and SOD increased in ewe lambs supplemented MSc. In conclusion, MSC improved follicle and luteal development, ovarian hemodynamics, and response to synchronization using short-term exogenous progesterone. MSC improved the antioxidant capacity and decreased lipid peroxidation during the estrus of ewes.

Histological assessment of the quality, safety, and fraudulence risk of commercially frozen processed beef and chicken meat products

Asmaa O. Tolba — 2025-04-01

Ensuring the quality and safety of frozen beef and chicken products is crucial for protecting human health, especially when food adulteration poses a major challenge. To fulfill this target, 120 samples of commercial frozen processed beef meat (beef burger, cocktail beef sausage, beef hotdog, beef salami) and chicken products (chicken burger, chicken cocktail sausage, chicken nuggets, chicken kofta), 15 samples each, were histologically examined to identify various unfavorable tissue types. Samples were subjected to tissue sectioning, then they were stained using both hematoxylin & eosin (H&E) and Crossmon’s trichrome stain to detect unauthorized plant or undesirable animal tissues. The findings revealed highly significant (P ≤ 0.001) adulteration in the majority of examined commercial frozen beef and chicken product samples, with the presence of unauthorized animal tissues such as lung, heart, smooth muscle, blood vessels, brain, intestine, uterus of a bitch, and excessive plant tissues with low skeletal muscle content. This study demonstrated the effectiveness of histological examination in detecting adulteration and evaluating the quality and safety of frozen beef and chicken products. The results highlight the need for strict control over formulation processes and continuous monitoring and inspection to ensure the quality and safety of frozen meat products.

Immunomodulatory effects of Oregano and Artichoke based pharmaceuticals on Barki ewes' immune response to sheep pox vaccine

Asmaa A. Darwish — 2025-04-01

Lately, there's been a growing recognition of the therapeutic potential of natural plant extracts. These extracts have shown promise in treating a range of diseases and in partially mitigating the oxidative stress often linked with illnesses or the use of antibiotics. This work studied the effect of two pharmaceutical products based on plant extracts on the humoral and innate immune response of Barki ewes to the Sheep pox Vaccine. For this purpose, 15 Barki ewes were injected with the life-attenuated pox vaccine only (Pox group), 15 Barki ewes were injected with the same vaccine and orally treated with 50ml/head of Immune Care^® (based oregano extract) for 5 consecutive days, (Immune Care Group (IG)), 15 Barki ewes were injected with the same vaccine and orally treated with 50ml/head of Bovi Care^® (based on artichoke) for 5 consecutive days. Blood samples were collected from them, NI and innate immunity, and clinicopathological parameters were estimated and statistically analyzed. Immune Care^® and Bovi Care^® didn`t improve the humoral immune responses of vaccinated ewes to the vaccine. However, they maintained the vaccinated ewes' total antioxidant capacity, erythrocyte counts, and total protein levels within normal ranges. Furthermore, they exhibited better values in serum renal and hepatic function tests, neutrophil phagocytic index, albumin, and globulin. Conclusion: Immune Care^® and Bovi Care^® did not have any effect on the humoral immune response of the Barki ewes to the pox vaccine but they effectively mitigated some of its side effects.

Economic and productive efficiency analysis for meat chicken breeds under different management systems

Eman H. Elmelegy — 2025-04-01

The managemental and environmental factors had an impact on the efficiency of broiler production, so our study aimed to inspect the influence of market age, season, and stocking density within various breeds on productive and economic efficiency. several cycles of variants broiler breeds (Cobb, Ross, Arbor acres, Avian, and Indian river) were collected from EL-Kaliobia, EL-Dakahlia, and EL-Menofia, about 115 cycles between 2021 to 2022. Our results showed that the Indian River breed recorded the highest feed intake (FI), average daily feed intake (ADFI), feed conversion rate (FCR), feed cost, total variable cost (TVC), and total cost (TC). They recorded the lowest gross margin (GM) and net profit (NP). Concerning marketing age, the body weight (BW), body weight gain (BWG), feed intake (FI), feed cost, total variable cost (TVC), total cost (TC), total return (TR), gross margin (GM), and net profit (NP) increased as market age increased. while average daily gain (ADG) and average daily feed intake (ADFI) decreased gradually as market age increased. The season significantly affected ADG and ADFI increased in winter compared to summer, while gross margin increased in summer compared to winter. birds raised at stocking density 9-11 birds/m² showed higher body weight yield, BWG yield, FI, feed cost, TVC, TC, bird selling, and TR than birds raised at lower stocking density. So, it could be concluded that breeds, marketing age, season, and stocking density all significantly impact the profitability and performance of broiler chickens in Egypt.

Evaluation of Friesian Holstein frozen semen storage time for 33, 30, 27, and 24 years based on sperm morphologic and related variables

Ahmad Budi Purnawan — 2025-04-01

This study aimed to evaluate Friesian Holstein's frozen semen storage time for 33, 30, 27, and 24 years based on sperm morphologic and related variables. The sample used in this research was frozen semen from Frisian Holstein which were stored in the Sperm Bank of the Singosari Artificial Insemination Center, Malang. The level of MDA was measured using the Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method. Examination of the intact acrosomal cap using formol saline was then examined under a microscope. The chromatin maturity examination used a drop of semen immersed in a 10% solution of formaldehyde at room temperature for 30 minutes and rinsed twice with a PBS solution for five and then examined under the microscope. The chromatin integrity examination used a smear of one drop of semen prepared on a glass object, air-dried, and subsequently fixed in a solution of 96% ethanol and acetone at 4°C for 30 minutes, and then examined under the microscope. The morphology and motility examination used a drop of semen to the object glass and then examined under the microscope. The study found that storing sperm for longer periods resulted in higher levels of MDA and lower levels of chromatin maturity and integrity. The levels of MDA were significantly different among the groups stored for 33, 30, 27, and 24 years. The levels of chromatin maturity and integrity were significantly different among the groups stored for 24, 27, 30, and 33 years. However, sperm motility and morphology were not significantly different among the 24, 27, 30, and 33-year storage groups (p>0.05), but the 27-year storage group had the highest normal sperm morphology and motility percentage. It could be concluded that the impact of long-term storage on frozen semen causes changes in variables that have a direct or indirect influence on spermatozoa morphology.

Beef shank Pineapple vinegar marinade optimization: Relationship between textural and physical characteristics

Dian Septinova — 2025-04-01

Shank meat has a tough texture that limited its culinary applications due to its high concentration of connective tissue. The purpose of this study was to determine how marinating beef shank with pineapple vinegar affected its physical characteristics (pH and water-holding capacity (WHC)), texture profile (hardness, springiness, and cohesiveness), and the relationship between both. A completely randomized design with six replications was employed. The treatments consisted of a control, not marinated, and marination in pineapple Vinegar solutions at concentrations of 8% and 16%. Water-holding capacity and hardness of the meat were significantly (P < 0.01) reduced with the increase in the concentration of pineapple vinegar. Contrastively, springiness and cohesiveness were not affected (P > 0.05). Soaking beef shank with pineapple vinegar has enhanced the quality and tenderness of the meat, and the most favorable concentration is found to be 16%. The association between WHC and meat texture, however, is closer than between WHC and pH. It thus provides useful insights into the utilization of natural meat tenderizers to increase the quality of tougher meat cuts and perspectives for industrial and domestic applications.

Enhancing the microbial and sensory qualities of soft cheese using black seed oil

Marwa A. Saad — 2025-04-01

This study explored enhancing soft cheese quality by incorporating varying concentrations of Black Seed Oil (Habat Al-barakah) at 0.5%, 1%, and 1.5% (v/w). Fresh cow milk from Menoufia University, Egypt, was used to produce soft cheese supplemented with Black Seed Oil (0.5, 1.0, and 1.5% w/w) alongside a control. The cheese was manufactured following pasteurization (80°C/30 min) and stored at 4°C for 28 days. Physicochemical properties were analyzed using AOAC methods, while sensory evaluation and microbiological analysis, including total bacterial count, coliforms, S. aureus, and yeasts/molds. There were significant (P≤0.05) variations in chemical composition between the control and treated cheese samples, particularly notable in the sample with 1.5% oil. Adding black seed oil increased cheese acidity from 0.25% in control to 0.33% in the 1.5% oil-treated cheese at a fresh time, and a consistent increase was observed in all samples during refrigerated storage. Microbiological investigations revealed that soft cheese treatments enriched with black seed oil exhibited the lowest total bacterial count, yeast, and mold. Coliform groups and staphylococci were undetected in all soft cheese treatments and controls. Panelists positively acknowledged the taste of soft cheese with a higher concentration of black cumin oil (1.5%), with no complaints about appearance and flavor. Interestingly, the panelists favored the texture of soft cheese with a higher percentage of oil, ultimately leading to the highest overall acceptability for the 1.5% oil-treated cheese.

Molecular detection and first characterization of Ehrlichia canis from Gajapati in Odisha

Saikumar Gangitla — 2025-04-01

Ehrlichia canis (E. canis), a rickettsial pathogen transmitted by tick vectors, causes canine monocytic ehrlichiosis, a significant infectious disease in dogs worldwide. The Gajapati region in Odisha is characterized by warm and humid climate, providing a conducive environment for the proliferation of ticks. Despite this, there has been no documentation on the genetic diversity of E. canis in this region. So, this study was taken up to detect and molecularly characterize E. canis from the Gajapati district in Odisha, India. A total of 64 blood samples were collected from the dogs showing clinical signs consistent with ehrlichiosis. All the samples were preliminarily screened by Giemsa blood smear examination followed by Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting the 16S rRNA of E. canis. Of the 64 samples tested, 15 (23.4%) were positive by Giemsa staining and PCR analysis revealed a higher prevalence, with 35 (54.7%) samples testing positive, suggesting its superior sensitivity. Two of the isolates namely GEC-1, and GEC-2 were sequenced, and submitted to GenBank. The phylogenetic analysis revealed that the two study isolates were clustered together at bottom and form a distinct clade indicating distinct lineage from other reported strains. The present study is the first study on molecular characterization of E. canis from this region to our knowledge and whole genome sequencing has to be done for better understanding of the divergence.

Mitigating effects of ginseng bulk on hepatic and immunological toxicity induced by boldenone undecylenate in rats

Hanan Hassan — 2025-04-01

Boldenone undecylenate (Bold) is an anabolic–androgen steroid, which is used illegally in veterinary and human uses for bodybuilding and fitness, but it is associated with adverse effects mainly to the liver and immunity. Ginseng has antioxidant and immune-modulatory activities. This study investigated the effect of ginseng bulk (Gin) on liver functions and the immunity of rats exposed to oxidative stress induced by using Bold. Forty healthy adult male Wistar Albino rats were equally divided into four groups; control, Sesame oil (vehicle control), Bold, and Bold + Gin 100 (100 mg/kg Gin). After 8 weeks, blood and liver samples were collected for analysis of liver enzymes (aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), oxidative stress markers (catalase (CAT), malondialdehyde (MDA), immune markers (Immunoglobulin G (IgG)), and liver histology. The results showed that in the Bold treated group, AST, ALT, MDA, and IgG levels were significantly elevated, while catalase was reduced compared to the control group. However, the co-administration of ginseng bulk with Bold significantly improved these parameters, reducing liver enzymes, oxidative stress markers, and immune cell alterations while increasing hepatic catalase activity. Histological examination of the liver in the Bold group revealed severe damage, including necrosis, vacuolar degeneration, inflammation, and cirrhosis, while ginseng supplementation led to improvement in the liver architecture. In conclusion, ginseng bulk 100 has an ameliorating effect against the liver and the immune damage caused by Bold, highlighting their antioxidant and immune-modulatory properties.

Hypotaurine effect on the bovine oocyte in- vitro maturation and fertilization

Aya M. Elhussiney — 2025-04-01

The objective of the present research was to examine the impact of various concentrations of Hypotaurine (0, 10, 15 and 20 µM /ml) on the bovine oocytes’ in- vitro maturation and fertilization rates as well as on the enzymatic activity of lipid-peroxidation and antioxidants. Bovine ovaries were harvested from El-Mounib slaughterhouse in Giza Governorate, Egypt. The oocytes were aspirated from medium sized follicles (4-8 mm). The selected oocytes were matured in- vitro in TCM-199 media supplemented with different concentrations of Hypotaurine. Some of the matured oocytes were evaluated for their maturation rates (nuclear & cytoplasmic maturation), and the maturation media were analyzed to determine the lipid peroxidation levels (Malondialdehyde, MDA), and various antioxidant enzymes, including glutathione (GSH), catalase (CAT), and superoxide dismutase (SOD). The other mature oocytes were in- vitro fertilized and examined for the fertilization rate and the different stages of embryonic development. The results represented that Hypotaurine at a concentration of 10 µM /ml significantly (P≤0.05) improved the maturation rate of oocytes (MII), the fertilization rate and the different stages of embryo development. In addition, Hypotaurine decreased the level of lipid peroxidation (MDA) significantly (P≤ 0.05) and increased the antioxidants levels (CAT, GSH, and SOD), especially at a concentration of 10 µM /ml. In conclusion, Hypotaurine improved the bovine oocyte in- vitro maturation and fertilization, with the effect being clearly noticeable at a concentration of 10 µM /ml.

Prevalence of aflatoxins in dairy products and the biocontrol potential of lactobacillus acidophilus for detoxification and fungal inhibition

Marwa A. Saad — 2025-04-01

This study aimed to evaluate the preponderance of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) and aflatoxin M2 (AFM2) in different cheese varieties (Ras, processed, and soft cheese) and raw milk and assess their compliance with Egyptian safety standards. This study investigated the potential detoxification effect of Lactobacillus acidophilus against AFM1 and its inhibitory activity on Aspergillus flavus. One hundred dairy samples were collected from various Menoufia Governorate, Egypt markets. AFM1 and AFM2 levels were confined using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The probiotic detoxification study was conducted by inoculating milk samples with Aspergillus flavus spores and treating them with L. acidophilus at 1%, 2%, and 3%, monitoring fungal growth and toxin levels over 15 days. The results showed that AFM1 exceeded the permissible limit of 0.05 ppb in 28% of Ras cheese, 16% of processed cheese, 20% of soft cheese, and 8% of raw milk samples, while AFM2 contamination was lower across all categories. Lactobacillus acidophilus exhibited a dose-dependent inhibitory effect on Aspergillus flavus, achieving complete fungal inhibition at 3% concentration by day 6. Moreover, AFM1 levels were significantly reduced, with complete detoxification observed at 2% and 3% L. acidophilus concentrations. These findings highlight the widespread occurrence of AFM1 in the dairy products sector and underscore the potential of probiotic interventions as a natural mitigation strategy for aflatoxin contamination.

Analysis of the hemagglutinin polypeptide of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5 clade 2.3.4.4b viruses isolated from backyard ducks and commercial chickens in Egypt

Mostafa M.S. Shelkamy — 2025-04-01

Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses of the H5 subtype garner global attention due to their severe impact on the poultry industry and the risk of human infections with high fatality rates. This study aimed to identify and characterize HPAI H5 viruses circulating in two major poultry production sectors: commercial farms and backyard flocks. Tracheal and cloacal swabs were collected from 75 flocks (57 farms and 18 backyard flocks) representing various domestic species and age groups, all exhibiting respiratory and/or nervous symptoms with high mortality rates. Real-time PCR results identified 24 positive samples for avian influenza virus (AIV) (24/75, 32%), which were further subtyped into 8 HPAI H5 (8/75, 10.66%) and 16 low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) H9 (16/75, 21.33%) cases. Among HPAI H5 infections, a higher detection rate was observed in backyard ducks (5/8, 62.5%) compared to chickens and turkeys on commercial farms. Three H5 viruses were isolated, and their hemagglutinin (HA) genes were sequenced using primers designed for this study. Sequence analysis revealed 96.5–97.1% and 97.8–98.6% identity with A/Common-coot/Egypt/CA285/2016 (the original H5N8 Egyptian virus), and 97.4–98.2% and 97.7–99% identity with A/Astrakhan/3212/2020 (the first H5N8 human isolate) at the nucleotide and amino acid levels, respectively. Several unique mutations were identified in the HA polypeptide of the duck isolates. Analysis of receptor binding sites (RBS) indicated a probable dual receptor-binding affinity in the H5 isolates studied. Phylogenetic analysis grouped the H5 isolates within clade 2.3.4.4b, showing close relatedness to Russian viruses. The mutational findings suggest the potential emergence of H5N8 escape mutants from backyard ducks.

Evaluation of intestinal health and caecal microbial populations in Javanese super chickens supplemented with fermented soybean meal

Pramita Nindya Saraswati — 2025-04-01

The research protocol aimed to assess the intestinal health of the Javanese super chicken fed with fermented soybean meal using Bacillus subtilis and Aspergillus niger. A total of 36 healthy male one-day-old Javanese Super Chickens were categorized into three dietary treatments: control diet with unfermented SBM (CON), fermented SBM with Bacillus subtilis (B-SBM), and fermented SBM with Aspergillus niger (A-SBM), in a completely randomized design. Intestinal allometric measurements, histomorphometric and histopathological analyses, and caecal microbial populations were evaluated following fermented soybean meal (FSBM) supplementation. The study demonstrated that all dietary treatments led to substantial improvements in all parameters without causing any detrimental effects on overall gut health. Both treatment groups exhibited a significant increase in intestinal length and relative weight compared to the control group (P<0.05). An enhancement in intestinal histomorphology of birds fed with FSBM, characterized by increased villus height, a higher villus height-to-crypt depth (VH:CD) ratio, and larger villus absorptive surface areas. The treatment groups also exhibited significantly lower histopathological scores than the control group (P<0.05). FSBM supplementation also positively altered caecal microbial composition by increasing LAB counts while reducing coliform and E. coli populations. In conclusion, FSBM supplementation in Javanese super chicken significantly enhances intestinal morphology and caecal microbial composition, leading to an improved intestinal health index.

Controlled internal drug release (CIDR) is superior to improve the conception rate in adult cows and heifers with metestrus bleeding

Mohamed S. Rawy — 2025-04-01

Efficient reproductive performance is crucial to maintain high cattle production including dairy and beef production. Cows with metestrual bleeding about 2 days after the end of estrus show lower chance to conceive. The current study aimed to compare the efficacy of double insemination and different hormonal treatments to improve conception rate in animals with metestrual bleeding. In the present study, a total number of 128 cows were used including 89 heifer and 39 pluriparours cows. The used animals were divided into 5 groups; control group (Ctrl; n=15) received no treatment, double insemination group (n=15), prostaglandin (PGF2α)-treated group (n=30), gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)-treated group (n=28), and controlled internal drug release (CIDR; n=40). Ultrasonography to examine the reproductive organs and blood sampling at day 0, 3, 6, 18 were performed and serum samples were stored for estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P4) hormonal assay. Our results showed that, PGF2α, GnRH, and CIDR would be clinically effective in compare to ctrl or double insemination group to improve the conception rate in cows and heifers with metestrual bleeding. CIDR protocol showed superior efficacy with a conception rate of 87.5 % in compare to ctrl (13.3%) or double insemination (33.3%). CIDR treated group showed higher concentrations of both E2 and P4 levels in the treated cows and heifers at day 6 and day 18. While no differences were reported in the measurements of the ovarian cyclic structures between all groups. In conclusion, CIDR protocol for 7 days with PGF2α at day 6 and GnRH after CIDR removal by 48 hours would be the treatment protocol of choice to improve conception rate in cows and heifers with metestrual bleeding.

Molecular epidemiology of E. coli infection in Arabian horses with acute respiratory disease

Latifah Abdullah Alhusayni — 2025-04-02

In the present investigation, the molecular epidemiology of the E coli infection in Arabian horses with acute respiratory diseases in Egypt was investigated. This was achieved by investigating 69 Arabian horses (diseased, n=50; apparently healthy, n=19). Competent clinical examinations of all horses and nasal swabs were performed for bacteriological investigation. For confirmation, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the confirmatory identification of E. coli matched the isolation percentage on its selective medium. The frequency of E. coli isolated from healthy horses was higher than that isolated from diseased horses (p=0.021, OR 8.471, CI 95% CI, 1.038 – 69.138). Breed, vaccination, overcrowding, and climatic conditions were significantly associated with the prevalence of E. coli isolates. Arabian horses showed a higher isolation rate (39/52; 75%) than the other breeds (13/52; 25%). The frequency E. coli isolation (39/52; 75%) was significantly associated with the use of horses for racing (p < 0.05). There was a higher isolation percentage in vaccinated horses (41/52; 78.8%) compared in non-vaccinated horses 11/52(21.2%). Horses living in overcrowded housing showed a higher isolation percentage (36/52; 69.2%) than those housed in individual stable housing (16/52; 30.8%). A higher percentage of isolates was also recorded in cold and harsh weather (48/52; 92.3%) than in good and hot climates (4/52, 7.7%). E. coli virulence genes eaeA and fimH were identified at 248 and 508 bp, respectively. However, ibeA was not detected. The gene eaeA was detected in 9/52 (17.3%) of E. coli strains isolated from diseased horses. fimH was detected in 45/52 (86.5%) E. coli strains. However, ibeA was not expressed. The results of this investigation emphasize the possible risk factors correlated with E. coli in Arabian horses with acute respiratory disease. The present results may be helpful for developing rigorous preventative measures for this infection.

Risk factors of Gram-negative bacteria infection isolated from equine ophthalmic lesions

Razan M. Naji — 2025-04-03

In this study, we conducted an epidemiological investigation of gram-negative bacteria associated with ocular lesions in equines. A total of 100 animals (86 horses and 14 donkeys) were investigated in this case-control study. Clinical and microbiological investigations were performed for each patient. Twenty-eight animals (25 horses and three donkeys) were found to have ophthalmic infections. Regarding clinical signs, horses and donkeys with ophthalmic infection had conjunctival hyperemia (n=10, 35.7%), continuous lacrimation (n=11, 39.3%), blepharospasm (n=1, 3.6%), eyelid edema in 5/28 (17.9%), mucopurulent ocular discharge (n=9, 32.1%), corneal edema (n=1, 3.6%), and corneal opacity (n=5, 17.9%). There was a significant association between Pseudomonas species and age. The highest percentage was recorded in horses aged < 5 years (n = 36, 57.1%). There was a significant association between season and the spread of ocular infection with E. coli, where 10 (76.9%) horses were infected in spring compared to three (23.1%) horses in the winter season. There was a significant association between the occurrence of mixed infections in the eyes and each season and the level of hygiene. The highest percentage of infection was recorded in winter (19, 61.3%) than in spring (12, 38.7%). However, for the level of hygiene, the highest percentage (87.1%) was recorded in horses with poor hygiene compared to those with good hygiene (12.9%). The risk factors associated with both E. coli and Pseudomonas spp. and ophthalmic infections in horses revealed a multifaceted relationship between microbial pathogens and environmental influences.

The crucial influence of nano-copper (nano-Cu) on rumen function, ruminant productivity, and reproduction

Mohammad Firdaus Hudaya — 2025-04-09

The requirements and factors that affect dietary requirements for various trace minerals and vitamins in ruminants remain poorly defined. Copper (Cu) is recognized for its pivotal role in the cellular osmotic balancing system, thereby contributing to numerous metabolic mechanisms in livestock. However, the provision is still often neglected to be given. Nanoparticle technology has emerged as promising approach to pursuit of optimizing the functionality and efficacy of feed mineral consumption. The objective of this article was to review the criteria and effects of supplementary feeding of nanomineral copper (nano-Cu) on rumen function, productivity and reproductive ability in ruminants. Additionally, the manufacturing process of nano-minerals was also briefly discussed that has not been widely published. The primary source of information reviewed for this article is published scientific literature.