Journal of Advanced Veterinary Research

Improving Landrace Pig Sperm Motility and Kinematics by Adding Citrate and Glucose to Coconut Water-Egg Yolk Diluent: A CASA Study

Thomas Mata Hine — 2025-07-01

Sperm motility and kinematics are considered significant elements that could affect the artificial insemination programs in pigs. The objectives of this experiment were to investigate the impact of citrate and glucose supplementation to coconut water-egg yolk-based diluents on the motility and kinematics of landrace pig sperm. The research material was fresh semen of a landrace pig having total sperm motility greater than 70% and sperm abnormality less than 20%. The semen was diluted with four different diluents: CY (young coconut water-egg yolk, control), CYG (young coconut water-egg yolk with glucose), CYC (young coconut water-egg yolk with citrate), and CYGC (young coconut water-egg yolk with glucose and citrate). Sperm motility and kinematics were assessed at 48 hours of preservation using Computer Assisted Sperm Analysis (CASA), while sperm morphology was assessed under light microscopy. The revealed sperm motility was significantly different (P<0.05) in the experimental treatments. The best result in motility was obtained by CYGC diluent with total motility of 76.86%, progressive motility at 50.35%, and fast motility of 24.76%, while the Sperm abnormalities were no significant difference (P > 0.05). The highest sperm kinematics were also produced by CYGC and were significantly different from CY and CYG for all sperm kinematics parameters (P<0.05), while with the CYC diluent it was significantly different only in several parameters such as DCL, DSL, DAP, BCF, HAC, LIN, and STR (P<0.05). It could be concluded that supplementing the coconut water-egg yolk diluent with glucose and citrate could enhance the motility and kinematics of Landrace pig sperm.

Amelioration of doxycycline side effects in broiler chickens using probiotic and date kernels powder.

Ghada H. Ali — 2025-07-01

Antibiotic administration in broiler farms is common, especially in developing countries. Doxycycline, a tetracycline antibiotic used in poultry farms effectively prevents and treats avian diseases as well as alters gut microbiota stability and composition. Researchers are now interested in the digestive tract microbiota. It has long been believed that the metabolic processes and gut microbial ecology influence how well broilers perform. This study intended to ascertain: the effect of doxycycline administration on broilers' performance metrics, serum lipid and protein profiles, meat quality, and intestinal microbiome and health. The possible protective impact of Saccharomyces cerevisiae probiotic and date kernel powder was evaluated. Sixty, one-day-old Ross broiler chicks were reared and split on the 8^th day into 4 equal groups. G1 (Control group); fed on a balanced ration all over the experiment (42 days). G2 (Doxycycline group); fed on a balanced ration and doxycycline drug 0.5g/L in drinking water. G3 (Doxycycline+Sc group); fed on a balanced ration supplemented with Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Sc) probiotic 2.5 billion CFU/kg ration and doxycycline drug 0.5g/L in drinking water. G4 (Doxycycline+dk group); fed on a balanced ration supplemented with 4% date kernel powder (dk) and doxycycline drug 0.5g/L in drinking water. The findings showed that doxycycline administration adversely affected broilers' performance, serum lipid and protein profiles, meat quality, and intestinal microbiome and health of broilers. Supplementation with Saccharomyces cerevisiae probiotic and date kernel powder effectively ameliorated doxycycline adverse effects in broilers.

Comparative anatomical and histological study of plastinated and non-plastinated organs of one-humped camel (Camelus dromedarius)

Esraa Y. Medina — 2025-07-01

Formalin, commonly used as an embalming fluid for tissue preservation, poses significant risks to the public health of humans and animals. The present study aims to focus on the Elnady plastination method for tissue preservation and examines the macro and microscopic changes in two organs before and after the plastination. Spleen and testis samples from six one-humped camels were used in this study. Plastination process included formalin fixation, acetone dehydration, glycerin impregnation, and cornstarch curing. The gross morphological changes and weights of the spleen and testis were measured after each treatment phase. The spleen turned dark brown color after the glycerin phase, while the testicular capsule became more transparent. Shrinkage was noted as 23.16% in the spleen and 31.57% in the testis. Both light and transmission electron microscopical (TEM) results confirmed the shrinkage, especially in the collagen fibers, that showed reduction in their amount and formation of spaces between the cells in both the spleen and testis.

Utilization of hepatocyte cell culture to increase the success of in vitro fertilization in cattle

Sri Mulyati — 2025-07-01

This study aimed to determine levels of IGF-1 and estrogen obtained from hepatocyte cells culture for bovine in vitro fertilization. Hepatocyte cells were cultured in TCM 199 + FCS 10% + BSA 10% to produce IGF-1, estrogen and progesterone. Progesterone concentration, was minimized by binding technique using antiprogesterone coated polystyrene tubes. The IGF-1 and estrogen are used as supplementation media for in vitro fertilization and as embryo culture media. The result showed that 6 days incubation period had the most confluent monolayer compared to the other incubation period, therefore, resulted in the highest concentration of IGF-1 as well as estrogen. AntiP4 could be used to absorb progesterone produced from monolayer culture of liver and cumulus cells. IGF-1 and estrogen from monolayer culture of hepatocyte cells before and after progesterone absorption resulted in a cleavage rate of 27.48% and 53.61%, respectively. The stage morula embryo rates were 5.73% and 27.59%, and could also reduce the apoptosis in the embryos cultured in liver cell were 23.71%, while without supplemented apoptotic rate in embryo cell was 70.58%. It could be concluded that monolayer culture of bovine hepatocyte cells could produce IGF-1 and estrogen growth factor which acted as mitogenic substances that could be used as supplement media in in vitro fertilization and embryo development as well as able to reduce the incidence of apoptosis in embryo resulted.

Prolactin gene in duck based on Genbank data sequences: A preliminary study

Latifah Latifah — 2025-07-01

The prolactin gene is a candidate gene for egg weight, egg number, and egg production in ducks. This study aimed to perform genetics analysis, including single nucleotide polymorphisms, amino acid change, restriction enzyme, and phylogenetic tree. A preliminary study on the prolactin gene was carried out in 8 GenBank sequences of ducks. Polymorphism was screened in 8 prolactin gene sequences of duck (AB158611.1; JQ677091.2; GU984377.1; DQ660983.1; DQ345782.1; LC565023.1; NM001310372; DQ345783.1) using alignment with Bioedit ver. 7.2. The results showed that 87 SNPs were detected: 10 SNPs in the 5’UTR region, 3 SNPs in exon 1, 25 SNPs in intron 1, 4 SNPs in exon 2, 18 SNPs in intron 2, 2 SNPs in exon 3, 8 SNPs in intron 3, 1 SNP in exon 4, 9 SNPs in intron 4; 5 SNPs in exon 5 and 2 SNPs in 3’UTR. There were 9 SNPs in the exon region that changed amino acids. The main result of restriction enzyme mapping was discovered seven enzymes (AluI, BstKTI, DpnI, MboI, AciI, FatI, NlaIII) which recognized 4 SNPs regions based on restriction mapping using Bioedit. The recommendation for a restriction enzyme for the next step was the AluI enzyme. The results of this study provide further evidence of the role of the Prolactin gene as a candidate gene in duck.

Comparison of the quantity and quality of cow ovarian oocytes extracted using aspiration, slicing, and flushing medium techniques

Dilla Amalia Bilqis Ikhsan — 2025-07-01

High-quality oocyte basis materials are essential for in vitro embryo formation in animal reproductive biotechnology. Researchers revealed that cow oocytes produced in vitro can grow and develop. Selection of oocytes is crucial to in vitro fertilization success and the production of excellent embryos. The aim of study was about the comparison of the number and morphology of oocytes in bovine ovaries obtained through aspiration, slicing and flushing medium techniques. The study used 300 ovaries derived from the remaining slaughtered female cattle in the Surya Slaughterhouse in Pegirian Surabaya. Data obtained included ovarian weight, number of follicles, number and morphology of oocytes, and were then analysed with the SPSS Mann-Whitney test. The results obtained from the study showed that there were differences in the number and morphology of oocytes between aspiration, slicing and flushing medium techniques with a p-value (0.000) < α (0.05). Therefore, H0 was rejected, leading to the conclusion that there were significant differences in the number and morphology of oocytes extracted using between these techniques. The number of oocytes was found to be higher in the slicing method. Morphology of grade A and B oocytes was found to be more prevalent in the aspiration method.

Insights into some tick-borne pathogens in cows

Aalaa S.A. Saad — 2025-07-01

Vector-borne infections are gaining attention in public health and veterinary fields due to their increasing effects on humans and animals. In livestock, multiple hemoparasite infections can cause severe anaemia, affecting health and productivity. Cows are especially susceptible to theileriosis, leading to symptoms like anaemia, jaundice, fever, and reduced milk production, particularly when combined with hemoplasma species.

This study investigated the molecular detection of Piroplasma (Babesia species, and Theileria species), haemotropic Mycoplasma, and Bartonella species in the blood of apparent healthy cows, including identification, sequencing, and phylogenetic analysis of positive samples. The total prevalence of Theileria annulata and Hemoplasma spp. was 27.6%, 15.4%, and 37.4%, 43.1% by microscopic examination and PCR, respectively, mixed infection with Theileria annulata and Hemoplasma spp were detected in 9.8% of examined samples by the two techniques. While Babesia spp. and Bartonella spp. never be detected neither by ME nor by PCR. The sequencing of six isolated Theileria spp. was identified as Theileria annulata. Meanwhile, eleven positive haemotropic mycoplasma samples revealed five Mycoplasma wenyonii and six ‘Candidatus Mycoplasma haemobos’. The sequence analysis of Theileria annulata, illustrated a high similarity of examined isolates to strains previously deposited in the GenBank. Moreover, Mycoplasma wenyonii and ‘Candidatus Mycoplasma haemobos’ sequence analysis showed Homology with strains from cattle, ticks, cats, and dogs.

It is concluded that T. annulata and bovine haemotropic mycoplasma infections are widespread in cattle. Our findings may be significant for the development of control programs.

Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic efficacy of pomegranate molasses versus peel extract against sodium nitrate hepatotoxicity in rats

Hanem K. Khalifa — 2025-07-01

The current research was performed to compare the efficacy of pomegranate molasses (PM) versus pomegranate peel aqueous extract (PPAE) in ameliorating the hepatotoxicity of sodium nitrate. The phytochemical screenings of PM and PPAE were analyzed using GC/MS. Sixty male rats were randomly assigned to six equal groups and treated for 10 successive weeks. The control group received distilled water orally, the PM and PPAE groups were orally administered PM (0.5 ml/rat) and PPAE (100 mg/kg), respectively, the nitrate group received sodium nitrate (500 ppm) in drinking water, the Nitrate+PM and Nitrate+PPAE groups received PM and PPAE, respectively with nitrate. Sodium nitrate-intoxicated rats showed significant elevations in the activities of serum alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase, significant increases in malondialdehyde, nitric oxide, and hydrogen peroxide levels, as well as significant decreases in reduced glutathione content and catalase activity in hepatic tissues. Moreover, sodium nitrate caused histopathological alterations in the liver, along with significant increases in the expressions of caspase-3, Bax, Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, tumor necrosis factor α, and glial fibrillary acidic protein and decrease in B-cell lymphoma-2 expression. Conversely, the concomitant administration of either PM or PPAE with sodium nitrate mitigated the biochemical, histopathological, and histochemical toxic effects induced by sodium nitrate intoxication. Accordingly, pomegranate molasses and peel extract exhibited similar protective effects against sodium nitrate-provoked hepatotoxicity, mainly via their antioxidant, anti-apoptotic, and anti-inflammatory activities.

Detection of iss virulence gene in Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli multidrug resistance from quail cloacal swabs in traditional markets in Surabaya, Indonesia

Ummi Rahayu — 2025-07-01

Quail is a source of animal protein that is widely consumed in Indonesia. Quail is susceptible to Escherichia coli bacterial infection, especially the Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) strain which can cause colibacillosis and is zoonotic. This infection is characterized by symptoms of pericarditis, perihepatitis, salpingitis, and colisepticemia. Antibiotic resistance in APEC is a serious challenge, including Multidrug Resistance (MDR), which reduces the effectiveness of treatment and increases the risk of pathogen spread. This study aimed to detect the iss virulence gene in APEC isolates from quail cloacal swabs in five areas of Surabaya. The identification results showed a prevalence of E. coli of 98% (138/140) with the highest antibiotic resistance levels in erythromycin (61%), streptomycin (37%), ciprofloxacin (35%), tetracycline (22%), and aztreonam (14%). The occurrence of MDR was found in 18% of isolates, with the highest resistance pattern ATM/CIP/S/E (32%). PCR test showed (20%) isolates have the iss virulence gene. The iss gene in APEC is known to increase the ability of bacteria to survive in blood serum, thus potentially affecting poultry health and causing zoonotic risks. This study revealed high levels of antibiotic resistance, MDR, and the presence of dangerous pathogen virulence genes in E. coli isolates from Surabaya traditional markets. The need for antibiotic surveillance and implementation of biosecurity according to the One Health concept to prevent the spread of resistant pathogenic bacteria and their impact on human, animal, and environmental health.

Molecular evidence of mecA gene encoding methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from cats in Surabaya, Indonesia

Daniah Ashri Afnani — 2025-07-01

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a novel strain of this bacterium that is resistant to b-lactam antibiotics with multidrug-resistant (MDR) features. Probable MRSA reservoirs have been identified in pet animals. This investigation sought to determine the mecA gene, which confers methicillin resistance in MRSA in cats. A total of 150 cats were collected from animal clinics and veterinary hospitals in five regions of Surabaya, Indonesia. S. aureus isolates were tested for antibiotic resistance using the Kirby-Bauer diffusion method, which consisted of streaking bacterial suspensions according to the 0.5 McFarland standard and then placing five different antibiotic disks on Mueller–Hinton Agar (MHA). Oxacillin resistance screening agar base (ORSAB) was used to continue cultivating cefoxitin-resistant S. aureus isolates as an MRSA confirmation test. Eighteen (12%) S. aureus isolates were found as a result of the identification and isolation. The antibiotic resistance test results revealed 7 (38.88%) multidrug-resistant (MDR) isolates: 3 (16.66%) MDR S. aureus isolates and 4 (22.22%) MDR S. aureus isolates testing positive for ORSAB, which were identified as MDR and MRSA isolates, respectively. Four MRSA isolates were then subjected to molecular detection using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), with positive results revealed by a band that appeared at 310 bp. This study unearthed molecular evidence for the mecA gene that confers methicillin resistance in MRSA. It can be concluded that strict monitoring for MRSA in cats is required due to the significance of these bacteria and their potential for zoonotic transmission.

Molecular characterization and identification of Infectious Laryngotracheitis Virus from clinical samples of poultry flocks in Indonesia

Muharam Saepulloh — 2025-07-01

Infectious Laryngotracheitis (ILT) in chickens is a significant issue that demands attention in Indonesia. This highly contagious respiratory disease caused by herpes requires urgent study and action. Despite the lack of confirmed ILT virus (ILTV) infection in layer hens in Indonesia, it is crucial to understand and address this potential threat. This study was dedicated to detecting and characterizing ILTV in layer hens from Bogor, Bekasi, Cianjur, and Tangerang districts for the first time in Indonesia, utilizing robust molecular techniques, including polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing. Three-layer farms in Bogor, Bekasi, and Cianjur districts, Indonesia, suffered a severe ILT outbreak, and one layer farm in Tangerang district, Indonesia, was declared slightly affected by ILT disease. Clinical and PCR assays were used to diagnose and report all layer farms. There have been reports of this illness in Indonesia, and more recently, outbreaks have been observed in the provinces of Bogor, Bekasi, and Cianjur. The present study used PCR and DNA sequencing methods to examine the ILTV. The work used organs and pooled tracheal swabs from clinically infected and dead chickens to target the envelope gG gene of ILTV. According to the analyses, 15 out of 48 suspicious field samples had isolated positive results. DNA sequencing results revealed that the amplified segment resembled the gene being studied. Information regarding the existence of ILT disease in laying chickens exhibiting respiratory symptoms during the outbreak is provided by this study.

Molecular and phylogenetic characterization to assess the evolutionary dynamics of the Spike gene Hypervariable regions of recent Infectious Bronchitis Virus (IBV) isolates in Egypt

Ahmed W. El-Kholy — 2025-07-01

Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) remains a significant threat to poultry production despite the widespread use of vaccination, resulting in considerable economic losses due to its genetic variability. Our study aimed to investigate the genetic characterization and evolution of IBV field isolates from Egyptian broiler and layer flocks during the period of 2023 to 2024, focusing on the sequences of hypervariable regions of the S1 gene. In this study, 17 samples were collected from various poultry flocks across three Governorates between 2023 and 2024. Of these 17 samples, six tested positive for IBV using RT-qPCR. Virus propagation was conducted for the RT-qPCR positive samples in the allantoic sac of SPF-ECES. Additionally, five isolates undergo genetic characterization through RT-PCR targeting the S gene hypervariable regions 1, 2, and 3, followed by sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. Findings can be summarized as follows: three isolates were found to cluster with the variant II (Egy/var-II) strain, while two aligned with the classic vaccine strains of the Massachusetts serotype. Phylogenetic analysis revealed a divergence between field and vaccine strains, highlighting the significance of mutations in the S1 gene in viral evolution. These results underscore the necessity for continuous surveillance to monitor IBV variants and assess vaccine efficacy in Egypt.

Patterns of relapse in experimental Trypanosoma evansi infections: Evidence of resistance to widely used trypanocides in Egypt

Somaia Abouakkada — 2025-07-01

The emergence of drug resistance and treatment relapse in Trypanosoma evansi infections poses a growing threat to animal health and productivity in endemic regions. Using a murine model, this study evaluated the in vivo efficacy of commonly used trypanocidal agents quinapyramine, diminazene aceturate, and melarsomine against Egyptian isolates of T. evansi. Eight experimental groups of Swiss albino mice were monitored over 60 days for parasitemia clearance and relapse following treatment at standard and double doses. The results revealed marked resistance to both quinapyramine and diminazene aceturate, as evidenced by early relapse and high mortality, even at elevated doses. In contrast, melarsomine (Cymelarsan) demonstrated superior efficacy, completely clearing parasitemia at a dose of 0.5 mg/kg with no relapse observed. Melarsomine is still a viable option for treating resistant T. evansi strains, according to the study, which also emphasizes relapse as a crucial sign of developing resistance. These findings underscore the urgent need for regular drug efficacy monitoring and reevaluation of treatment protocols in endemic settings.

Microbial quality of cooking butter after addition of curcumin extract during refrigerated storage

Walaa S. Hassan — 2025-07-01

Cooking butter is a popular type of food consumed in Egypt. However, its microbial quality may deteriorate during conventional production methods, potentially leading to health risks. The shelf life of cooking butter can be extended by incorporating natural preservatives. Curcumin extract is one such natural compound known for its antimicrobial properties. The objective of this study was to assess the microbial quality of cooking butter stored at 5±1°C for 30 days after the addition of curcumin extract at concentrations of 2% and 4% (v/w). The butter samples were analyzed for the presence of coliforms, fecal coliforms, E. coli, psychrotrophic bacteria, lipolytic bacteria, enterococci, yeasts, and molds at several intervals, including the initial time, the second day, and then weekly until the end of the storage period. The results revealed that both 2% and 4% curcumin extract significantly reduced all investigated microbial counts during the storage period from the first to the last week, with a more pronounced reduction observed at the 4% concentration. The sensory evaluation confirmed that the curcumin-enriched butter exhibited desirable attributes. These findings indicate that curcumin extract is a potent antimicrobial agent, capable of reducing microbial contamination in cooking butter during refrigerated storage, offering a safer alternative to artificial preservatives.

Prevalence and zoonotic implication of animal brucellosis in Libya: A systematic meta-analysis

Yaser Hamad — 2025-07-01

Brucellosis, a significant zoonotic bacterial infection, is transmitted from animals to humans through various Brucella species. The present report conducted a meta-analysis and focused on the prevalence of brucellosis and its zoonotic implication in Libya, adhering to the PRISMA guidelines throughout the systematic review process. The following databases were searched: Web of Science, Ovid, EBESCO, Sage, Scopus, and Google Scholar. A comprehensive search yielded eligible articles for data extraction and analysis. Employing a random-effects model, the analysis was executed using a specialized meta-analysis software, producing results that included effect size, confidence intervals (CI), heterogeneity metrics, and publication bias. In total, 16,980 animals were examined across 11 studies regarding brucella infection, with 1255 yielding positive results, resulting in a prevalence rate of 7.39 %. The peak prevalence rates (28.34%) occurred in the years 2010. From the random-effects analysis, the pooled effect size was 0.12, the Z-value calculated was -6.35 (p = 0.00) indicated statistical significance, while the heterogeneity metrics revealed a Q-value of 1512,16, I-squared of 99.33, and a p-value of 0.000. Furthermore, the results of Egger’s linear regression test suggested publication bias, yielding an intercept of -14.46 and a 95% CI ranging from – 35.76 to 6.75. the results of Egger’s linear regression test suggested publication bias, yielding an intercept of -14.46 and a 95% CI ranging from – 35.76 to 6.75. Overall, this meta-analysis underscores a significant prevalence of brucella infections in Libya, particularly highlighting zoonotic value. Consequently, a greater emphasis on disease prevention and control measures is warranted.

Field study on clinical, surgical and economical assessments of urine retention in calves

Mohamed Abdelfattah — 2025-07-01

Urine retention is a prevalent and economically significant condition among male calves, particularly in developing countries where ruminants serve critical agricultural and socio-economic roles. This study aimed to clinically, surgically, biochemically, and economically assess obstructive urolithiasis in male calves, evaluating the efficacy and feasibility of various surgical interventions. Seventeen male calves aged 1–12 months and six apparently healthy calves were categorized into three groups: healthy controls (n=6), calves with intact distended bladders (n=5), and those with ruptured bladders (n=12). Clinical examinations and biochemical profiling were conducted preoperatively. Surgical interventions included pre-scrotal urethrostomy for intact bladders and cystoplasty with dorsal urethrotomy for ruptured bladders. Results indicated that bladder rupture was associated with younger age, lower body weight, and delayed urine retention. The sigmoid flexure was the predominant site of obstruction, with clinical signs varying by bladder status. Seasonal patterns indicated a spring peak in incidence, linked to nutritional and hydration shifts. Biochemically, ruptured cases exhibited marked elevations in urea, creatinine, uric acid, potassium, phosphorus, and magnesium levels, reflecting systemic derangement. Postoperative complications were minimal but more frequent in ruptured cases. The majority of the stones were calcium carbonate and phosphate. Stone size and volume positively correlated with calf body weight, suggesting dietary and metabolic influences. Surgical resolution, combined with targeted medical therapy, proved effective in restoring urinary function and preventing recurrence or mortality. The study underscores the importance of early diagnosis, surgical intervention, and preventive strategies such as dietary adjustments and urine acidification to mitigate recurrence and avoid economic losses.

Research trends on Bovine Respiratory Disease Complex (BRDC): A bibliometric analysis

Norah Alquaymi — 2025-07-01

Bovine respiratory disease complex (BRDC) is a global multifactorial infectious disease of cattle. An essential technique for examining articles and other publications in literature is bibliometric analysis. By May 2025, we conducted quantitative research on BRDC. The Web of Science database (WOS) provided information about the disease. The VOSviewer software was used to set statistical data for each item under study, with an emphasis on the top ten outcomes for each item. After application of inclusion and exclusion criteria, 3,678 papers were included in the review. The findings showed that author Confer, Anthony had the most published articles (67, 1.82%), with the most recent publications coming out in 2024 (209, 5.68%). The USA was the leading country in publications (1439, 39.12%), and the top funding agency was the US Department of Agriculture (161, 4.37%). On the institutional front, the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) led the way with 216 publications (5.87 %). However, the least productive institute was Iowa State University (96, 2.61%). The majority of papers (3542, 96.30 %) were in English, while Veterinary Sciences had the most publications in WOS categories (1868, 50.78%). The most prevalent type was research papers (3106, 84.44%). According to the bibliometric analysis, Elsevier was the primary publisher (893, 24.27 %). The bibliometric analysis's findings show that there are an increasing number of studies on BRDC in cattle, which is concerning because the illness is alarmingly reemerging. The findings can aid in determining potential future strategies for its control and prevention.

Anthelmintic resistance in gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep and goats: A systematic review

Ali Saidu — 2025-07-01

Helminthosis caused by various parasitic nematodes, cestodes, and trematodes is especially important in small ruminant production due to loss of productivity and health challenges caused by infestations. The control of helminthosis in ruminants depends on various types of benzimidazole, macrocyclic lactone, and imidazothiazole anthelmintics. Unfortunately, prolonged indiscriminate use of these drugs has led to anthelmintic resistance (AR) in gastrointestinal nematodes (GINs) if ruminants. AR is a heritable loss of sensitivity of a parasite population to a previously effective anthelmintic. Understanding the mechanisms underlying AR is crucial for sustainable parasite management. This systematic review was conducted to answer the research question: “What is the prevalence, distribution, diagnosis, and molecular basis for anthelmintic resistance in gastrointestinal nematodes of small ruminants?” This paper attempts to present current knowledge on the occurrence, mechanisms, global situation, and diagnosis of anthelmintic resistance in Trichostrongyle nematodes of sheep and goats with reference to the situation in Malaysia. Eligible original research articles published between January 1, 1990, and April 30, 2024, from the Scopus and PubMed databases were retrieved and analyzed based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). The results of the study showed that benzimidazole, macrocyclic lactone, and imidazothiazole resistance is rampant in 9 different species of gastrointestinal nematodes globally. Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, and Teladorsagia are the most widely reported anthelmintic-resistant Trichostrongyles in small ruminants globally. In vivo FECRT is still the most widely used method for detecting anthelmintic resistance in sheep and goats. Key resistance markers include mutations in the β-tubulin gene for benzimidazole resistance, the acr-8 gene for imidazothiazole resistance, and increased P-glycoprotein (P-gp) expression for macrocyclic lactone resistance. Despite current research efforts, data is lacking on the molecular markers for resistance in many gastrointestinal nematode species and the resistance status of hydropyrimidines, requiring further studies in this area. Therefore, future studies need to focus on developing standardized molecular diagnostics for detecting resistance in prevalent pathogenic Trichostrongyles for more efficient tracking of resistance. Sustainable control using proper dosing of anthelmintics, rotation of anthelmintics, the refugia principle, and combination therapy can slow down the emergence of resistance in nematode populations.

A Comprehensive overview of Rabbit Hemorrhagic Disease Virus in Egypt

Doha Abdalrahman Ahmed — 2025-07-01

A significant event occurred in Egypt in 1991 when Rabbit Hemorrhagic Disease (RHD) was introduced, causing a serious threat to the rabbit industry. Because of its high morbidity and mortality, RHDV is an industry-destructive agent, causing financial losses in Egypt's production of rabbits. RHDV is a lagovirus, a member of the Caliciviridae family, which is the cause of RHD. Three RHD outbreaks have been identified in Egypt, the first, related to the classical RHD virus (RHDV), occurred in 1991; The second type, known as the variant virus (RHDVa), occurred in 2007; and the third, known as the variant virus (RHDVb/RHDV2), was identified in 2018, and the first part of 2019. RHD can affect rabbits of all ages, both domestic and wild. There are three ways that RHD manifests, per-acute, acute, and subacute or chronic forms. Rates of mortality are often extremely high, particularly during per acute and acute phases, and are linked to necrotic hepatitis. and disseminated intravascular coagulopathy. The liver, lungs, and spleen have been found to have the most significant lesions. The diagnosis of RHDV relies on clinical picture and laboratory investigations such as molecular, histological and serological techniques can be used. Despite the availability of RHDV vaccinations, outbreaks of the virus continue to occur in several Upper and Lower governorates in Egypt. Therefore, the most significant factors of prevention and control methods are the use of preventative inactivated vaccines in conjunction with the carrying out of sanitary measures. So, in this overview study, the epidemiology, clinical and laboratory diagnosis, prevention, and control measures of RHD are highlighted, with reference to the Egyptian situation from 1991 to 2024.

Risk of antimicrobial and multidrug resistance on Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli in public health

Ummi Rahayu — 2025-07-01

Escherichia coli is a harmful bacterium commonly found in poultry species like chickens, ducks, quails, and turkeys, which can lead to colibacillosis. This illness is caused by Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC), a highly virulent strain that poses a risk of transmission through the food chain, endangering human health. Managing infections in poultry frequently involves the widespread use of antibiotics, which promotes the development of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and multidrug resistance (MDR). The global use of antibiotics in livestock is a significant issue, with an estimated 63,000 tons used annually, expected to rise to 105,500 tons by 2030. Antibiotic residues found in poultry products, such as meat and eggs, can enter the human food supply, contributing to antibiotic resistance and diminishing the effectiveness of treatments for human infections. The transmission of APEC occurs through horizontal pathways, including direct contact between poultry via feces and the environment, and vertical transmission via eggs from infected breeders. Additionally, APEC can spread through water, feed, and environmental contamination. Antibiotic residues in poultry products can cause allergic reactions, cancer, reproductive issues, and toxicity in humans. The consequences of antimicrobial resistance include higher rates of illness, death, and healthcare costs, with the potential for further escalation.

Canine acanthomatous ameloblastoma in a golden retriever mix dog

Citra Yudeska — 2025-07-01

Canine acanthomatous ameloblastoma (CAA) is a benign but locally invasive oral tumor that arises from the remnants of tooth-forming (odontogenic) epithelium within the submucosa and periodontal ligament. Although non-metastatic, CAA exhibits aggressive behaviour, particularly invading and destroying surrounding bone and dental structures. This case involved a 9-year-old female Golden Retriever mix, weighing 28.5 kg, presenting with a solid mass on the mandibular gingiva between canine tooth 304 and 404, approximately 2.5 × 2 × 1 cm in size. The tumor had been growing for five months. Diagnostic imaging, including dental radiography, along with cytological and histopathological examinations, was performed to establish the diagnosis. Histopathology revealed a thickened mucosal layer, acanthosis, with the presence of ameloblastoma island. These findings were consistent with the characteristic of acanthomatous ameloblastoma. Rim excision was chosen to remove the tumor mass. Postoperative care included analgesia with tramadol and antibiotic therapy with enrofloxacin and metronidazole. The dog demonstrated a successful recovery, with normal clinical status observed within a week post-surgery. A one-year postoperative examination confirmed no signs of tumor recurrence.

Surgical management of severe tail injury by partial caudectomy in a long-tailed macaque (Macaca fascicularis)

Palagan Senopati Sewoyo — 2025-07-01

A male long-tailed macaque (Macaca fascicularis) was found to have a severe tail injury during a clinical examination prior to vasectomy at the Sacred Monkey Forest Sanctuary in Ubud, Bali, Indonesia. The injury involved an open wound with areas of necrosis and fracture. Based on the tail condition, the animal was treated with a partial caudectomy. Prophylactic treatment prior to surgery with antibiotic and anti-inflammatory was carried out using amoxicillin and ketorolac tromethamine, respectively. Anesthesia was maintained using propofol. Postoperatively, the anesthesia reversal agent atipamezole was administered. After the macaque exhibited clear signs of recovery from anesthesia, it was transported in a cage back to the capture site and released into its original social group. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first documented case report describing partial caudectomy in macaques.