Journal of Advanced Veterinary Research

Research note: Effect of diet based corn fodder on semen quality of Ettawah grade bucks

Limbang Kustiawan Nuswantara — 2025-10-24

This study evaluated the impact of corn fodder supplementation on the semen quality of Ettawah grade bucks. The bucks used in this study were three Etawah crossbred goats with ages 2-6 years. Feed treatment this study, T0: Concentrate without corn fodder, T1: Concentrate with corn fodder. The parameters observed were: Macroscopic parameters included volume, colour, consistency, and pH; and microscopic parameters included mass motility, motility, viability, abnormality, concentration. Results revealed that the addition of corn feed to the diet of bucks did not have a significant effect on sperm quality macroscopically, but it did improve microscopic indicators such as motility and viability. However, there was an increase in abnormalities and a decrease in sperm concentration, which raises concerns about the overall reproductive potential of bucks. Therefore, further research is needed to determine the optimal corn feed mixture in the diet and to investigate mitigation strategies for the negative effects on sperm quality.

Bioactive potential of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus l. Moench) as a feed additive in poultry: A mini review

Shokhirul Imam — 2025-10-24

The global poultry industry has been challenging due to the ban on the use of antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs) and the increasing consumer demand for safe and environmentally friendly natural feed. Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench) is a potential feed additive candidate because of its high levels of bioactive compounds, such as polyphenols, flavonoids, polysaccharides, and phytosterols, which exhibit antioxidant, antimicrobial, hypolipidemic, and immunomodulatory activities. This mini-review summarizes the latest in vivo research findings on okra supplementation in broiler chickens and laying hens. Among the eight publications analyzed, okra supplementation at low to moderate doses (1–2 g/kg fruit powder, 1–2% seed powder, or 2–5% leaf flour) consistently improved the growth performance, feed efficiency, carcass quality, lipid metabolism, antioxidant status, and gut microbiota balance in broilers. In laying hens, okra supplementation was found to increase egg production and yolk and shell quality, and reduce egg cholesterol levels, primarily mediated by phytoestrogenic and antioxidant activities. Although these results are promising, available research data remain limited and vary in terms of plant parts, processing methods, and supplementation levels. Therefore, standardization, long-term research, and molecular mechanism studies are needed to ensure the effectiveness and safety of okra as a natural feed additive to replace AGP in sustainable poultry farming.

Averrhoa carambola L. leaf as a source of phytobiotic feed additive for broilers: A review

Binti Ma’rifah — 2025-10-24

The sweet starfruit (Averrhoa carambola L.), a plant widely cultivated in Indonesia and other tropical regions, has long been recognized for its medical properties. Its leaves are rich in bioactive compounds including polyphenols, flavonoids, and essential fatty acids. These compounds exhibit strong antioxidant, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory activities, making sweet starfruit leaves a promising candidate for phytobiotic feed additive in poultry nutrition. Antioxidants play an important role in preventing the oxidation of long-chain unsaturated fatty acids. Tannins are polyphenols that reduce free radicals by inhibiting the enzymatic system. Flavonoids can stabilize free radicals by adding electrons from free radicals and preventing ring reactions that form new free radicals. Flavonoids function in the prevention and treatment of oxidative pathologies such as atherosclerosis and inflammation. Flavonoids can function as drugs because they have a role in regulating enzymes and receptors in the brain that produce significant effects on the central nervous system. The active compound content of sweet starfruit leaves makes this plant useful as a phytobiotic feed additive. This study explored the potential of sweet starfruit leaf extract as anatural feed additive to improve broiler performance and the finding support as a suistainable and effective alternative to synthetic growth promotor.

Phytobiotic feed additive as a new strategy to replace synthetic antibiotics: a Review

Binti Ma’rifah — 2025-10-24

The ban on synthetic antibiotics is the starting point for the discovery of other materials to replace them, one of which is materials of natural origin which are safer and easier to obtain is feed additive. Feed additives are additional ingredients that are mixed into animal feed to increase productivity, increase growth and improve animal health. Several feed additives that can be added to animal feed include probiotics, prebiotics, organic acids, enzymes and phytobiotics. Phytobiotic feed additives have been widely researched and developed as natural growth promoters for poultry. Phytobiotic feed additives can improve digestion and absorption of nutrients, increase enzyme secretion in the digestive tract, reduce oxidative processes, and reduce the growth of pathogenic bacteria. This mechanism has an impact on improving the health status of livestock, increasing feed intake and ration efficiency, improving carcass quality, and increasing the quality and shelf life of the meat produced. This review focused on alternatives to replace synthetic antibiotic that provide more safety to broiler production.

Utilization of Indigofera zollingeriana in layer feed on egg production and quality in Indonesia: A mini review

Aria Dipa Tanjung — 2025-10-24

Indigofera zolingeriana (IZ) is a nutrient-rich plant. It is rich in macronutrients, several minerals, and vitamins. This makes indigofera suitable for use as a feed ingredient or supplement for poultry. This review article aimed to collect and provide information on several research findings that use indigofera leaf meal as part of poultry feed. The methods used in this review article are literature review and descriptive method, which is a systematic and explicit method to identify, evaluate, and develop research results and ideas generated by researchers. The addition of indigofera leaf meal to poultry rations can affect egg production and egg quality. These include the number of eggs, egg weight, yolk weight, albumen weight, eggshell weight, and yolk score. The addition of indigofera leaf meal by 2% to 10% in feed can increase feed consumption and egg weight in layer. Several research cases reported that all indigofera leaf flour administration had a good effect and could maximize the benefits of indigofera leaves as feed, supplements and additives to increase poultry egg production and fertility.

Assessing the effectiveness of livestock waste management training in promoting technology adoption among farmers

Dwita Indrarosa — 2025-10-24

Livestock waste is an environmental challenge that has the potential to provide benefits if managed effectively. However, suboptimal waste management in various regions of Indonesia indicates a need for targeted training programs for farmers. This study investigated the key factors that affect how farmers adopt livestock waste management technologies after participating in training programs. A quantitative research approach focusing on causal relationships is employed using training and adoption theories. Interviews and online questionnaires are administered to 240 participants from the Animal Husbandry Training Centre in Songgoriti, Batu. The collected data were analyzed using linear regression to assess the effects. The factors examined in this study include research progress, business scale (number of livestock), type of livestock, age, farming experience, education level, and family size. The results of the study indicate that technology adoption is significantly influenced by three main factors, namely training effectiveness, farm scale (number of livestock), and type of livestock. In contrast, age, farming experience, education level, and family size do not significantly affect the adoption of waste management technologies.

Effect of methionine supplementation on the production of Friesian Holstein dairy cows

Widya Hidayati — 2025-10-24

A lack of certain amino acids, particularly methionine can lead to a number of issues in dairy cow output. This research aimed to evaluate the impact of methionine supplementation on the productivity of Friesian Holstein dairy cows during their lactation phase. The observational study was carried from January 2022 to December 2023 at a dairy farm located in West Java. A total of 82 Friesian Holstein dairy cows that had recently calved or were in the early stages of lactation, with a BCS from 3.25 to 3.75. The cows were housed in one barn. They were fed a total mixed ration (TMR) consisting of corn silage, alfalfa hay, and concentrate, which had a crude protein content of 16% and a total digestible nutrient (TDN) level of 67%. The treatments applied were T0 = Ration without methionine supplementation (control) and T1 = Ration with 25g/head/day methionine supplementation. The treatment was given during lactation until the cows gave birth again in the next period. The parameters observed included average feed intake (AFI), milk yield, milk quality factors such as fat, protein, lactose and fat-to-protein ratio. The analysis used was descriptive analysis with the Independent Sample T-test using SPSS 25. The results showed that methionine supplementation (T1) had a significant effect (P<0.05) for increasing on average feed intake (AFI) and milk quality such as fat, protein, lactose and fat protein ratio and did not have an impact on milk yield.

Roselle powder proportion in the aging process enhances pidan’s antioxidant activity and hedonic value

Siti Susanti — 2025-10-24

This study was about the potential of roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa Linn.) powder as a functional compound in the production of pidan eggs. The research was evaluating its antioxidant activity, chemical composition, and sensory characteristics. In this study, roselle powder was used to partially replace the red brick which traditionally included in the coating mixture, at substitution levels of 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50%, while keeping the amount of black tea constant. Antioxidant activity was determined using the DPPH radical scavenging assay, chemical composition was assessed using AOAC methods, and sensory evaluation was conducted by trained panelists using a hedonic scale. The results showed that increasing roselle concentration significantly enhanced antioxidant activity, with the highest activity recorded at the 50% substitution level (91.60 ppm). The fat and protein content remained relatively stable across treatments, ranging from 21% to 24% for fat and 16% to 18% for protein. Sensory evaluation indicated that higher Roselle levels improved color, excessive concentration negatively affected aroma and taste, and the best overall acceptability achieved at the 20% substitution level. The addition of roselle powder to production of pidan eggs effectively enhanced the antioxidant properties without substantially affecting their nutritional profiles. The best acceptability of the pidan was achieved with a 20% addition of roselle.

Differences in processing methods on hedonic, physical quality, and fat content of chicken floss

Ratih Paramastuti — 2025-10-24

Chicken floss is a processed product of chicken meat that has a long shelf life. Frying is the most used method in the production of chicken floss; however, it often leads to a product with high fat content, which may raise health concerns among consumers. Consequently, alternative techniques such as oven and air frying are being explored to develop a healthier version of chicken floss without compromising its sensory appeal. This study investigates the impact of three different cooking methods (oil, air, and oven frying) on the consumer acceptance, physical properties, and fat content of chicken floss. By comparing these techniques, the research aims to identify a healthier yet appealing alternative to traditional frying methods. The observed parameters included fat content, water activity (a_w), color (lightness (L*), red-green axis (a*), yellow-blue axis (b*) values), and hedonic attributes such as aroma, color, taste, texture, and overall acceptability. The results showed that the cooking method significantly (p<0.05) affected fat content, water activity, and color parameters of the chicken floss. The oil frying method produced chicken floss with a yellowish-brown color, the highest a_w value, and the highest fat content (23.06%). In contrast, air frying resulted in the lowest a_w (0.55) and fat content. The oven frying method produced a lighter-colored product with fat content between the other two treatments. Hedonic analysis indicated that the panelists equally well accepted products from all three processing methods. Air frying and oven frying represent viable alternatives for health-conscious consumers, providing a promising reduction in fat content.

Performance and digestibility of low initial body of weight broilers fed infertile egg powder

Sultan Haruni — 2025-10-24

Infertile egg powder (IEP) is an alternative feed ingredient that is rich in protein and derived from hatchery waste. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of incorporating IEP into the diets of low initial body weight broilers on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, ammonia emissions, and footpad health. A completely randomized design (CRD) was employed with three treatments: low-weight DOC on a basal diet (T0), normal-weight day-old chick (DOC) on a basal diet (T1), and low-weight DOC on a basal diet supplemented with 4% IEP (T2), each with eight replications. Results showed that T2 broilers had significantly higher body weight gain, final body weight, cumulative feed intake, and performance index compared to T1 and T0 throughout both starter and finisher phases (P < 0.05). Crude protein and fat digestibility were also significantly improved in T2. However, no significant differences were observed in feed conversion ratio (FCR) across treatments. Furthermore, T2 exhibited the highest litter ammonia concentration among the experimental groups. The study concluded that IEP can effectively enhance growth and nutrient utilization in underweight broilers, offering a sustainable solution for optimizing poultry production, provided that environmental management practices are concurrently improved.

Carcass production and physical meat characteristics of local rams fed with noni (Morinda citrifolia) seed flour on different levels

Yudho Harbowo Muttaqien — 2025-10-24

This study evaluated effect of noni seed flour (NSF) on the physical characteristics of local ram meat. Twenty thin-tailed rams (aged 3-4 months) with an initial body weight (BW) of 12.43 ± 1.36 kg (CV = 10.95%) were designed in a completely randomized design (CRD) with four treatments and five replicates: T0 (control feed), T1 (90% control feed + 10% NSF), T2 (80% control feed + 20% NSF), and T3 (70% control feed + 30% NSF). Physical meat characteristics analyzed of the Longissimus dorsi (LD) and Biceps femoris (BF). ANOVA was used to analyze data at the 5% significance level, followed by Duncan's multiple range test (DMRT) when significant differences were found. The results showed that the diet did not significantly affect pH, water-holding capacity (WHC), or cooking loss (CL) of LD and BF. However, meat tenderness was significantly affected. LD muscle in T3 (2.56 kg/cm²) was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than in T1 (2.63 kg/cm²) and T0 (2.65 kg/cm²) but not significantly different from T2 (2.58 kg/cm²). Similarly, BF muscle in T3 (2.58 kg/cm²) and T2 (2.59 kg/cm²) was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than in T1 (2.64 kg/cm²) and T0 (2.65 kg/cm²). Average pH, WHC, and CL of LD were 5.43, 30.52%, and 27.57%, respectively, for BF were 5.44, 30.56%, and 27.88%. In conclusion, incorporating up to 30% NSF in the diet does not affect carcass quality and can serve as a carbohydrate source. Additionally, increasing NSF level in the diet tends to enhance meat tenderness.

Rumen fluid profiles and environmental cost of production in weaned thin-tailed lambs given different levels of feeding

Nadlirotun Luthfi — 2025-10-24

This study was conducted to examine the effect of different levels of feeding on rumen fluid profiles and environmental cost of weaned Thin-tailed lambs. As many as 21 weaned male lambs were allocated into 3 feeding levels in a completely randomized design. The treatments were low (4% BW; T1), medium (5.5% BW; T2) and high feeding level (ad libitum; T3). Each treatment consisted of seven replicates. This study showed that lambs fed T3 had highest dry matter intake (DMI; 7.9%BW; 1516g/d) than that of T1 and T2 which were significantly different (p<0.05). The digestibility was similar in all treatments (averaged 60.21%; p>0.05). Lambs fed T3 had higher acetate (112.86 mM), propionate (41.14 mM), and butyrate (31.30 mM) concentrations at 6h after feeding (p<0.05). There was no significant effect of feeding levels on ammonia concentrations of rumen fluid at (p>0.05). Microbial nitrogen production of lambs was not significantly different (averaged 2.69 g/d; p>0.05). Lambs given T3 had the highest ADG (202 g/d; p<0.05) and the lowest methane emission production per unit body weight gain (0.54 L/gADG; p<0.05). In conclusion, the rumen fluid ammonia and VFA in the lamb are stable at high feeding level. The environmental cost of lamb fattening is lower when the lamb is kept under a high feeding level (ad libitum).

Effect of the season and climatic factors on the microbiological quality of raw goat milk in southern Thailand

Ni-azanee Binnima — 2025-10-24

Microbial contamination of raw milk considerably affects the quality and safety of dairy products. Dairy farm environmental factors (e.g., temperature, humidity and milking hygiene) involved with the microbiological quality of raw goat milk were previously elucidated. Until now, the research on the quality of raw goat milk in Thailand is still limited. The current study focused on the variation in microbiological quality (i.e., total bacteria, coliforms, proteolytic bacteria, lipolytic bacteria and thermoduric bacteria) of raw goat milk affected by climatic factors (i.e. rainfall, relative humidity and ambient temperature). Study area included raw goat milk from smallholders in the lower part of Southern Thailand. The results indicated that contamination of total bacteria, lipolytic bacteria, proteolytic bacteria and coliforms was higher during the rainy season than in the dry season (P<0.05), whereas there was no statistical difference (P<0.05) in the thermoduric bacteria in raw goat milk collected during the dry and rainy seasons. The current study revealed a positive correlation between two climatic factors (i.e. rainfall and relative humidity) and four microbiological parameters (i.e. total bacteria, coliforms, proteolytic bacteria and lipolytic bacteria). In addition, the ambient temperature was negatively correlated with the abovementioned four microbiological parameters. No statistical association between thermoduric bacteria and three climatic factors (i.e. rainfall, relative humidity and ambient temperature) was found. To ensure consistently quality of goat milk, farmers should enhance milking hygiene practices during the rainy season, when rainfall and humidity are higher in the dry season.

Effect of gum arabic addition on physicochemical characteristics of goat milk yoghurt with mango puree

Ahmad Ni’matullah Al-Baari — 2025-10-24

Goat's milk has lower allergenic properties and higher digestibility compared to cow's milk. However, it possesses a distinct goaty aroma and a weak texture that is prone to syneresis. Efforts to improve the texture of goat milk yoghurt were made by adding gum arabic enriched with mango puree. This study aimed to determine the effect of gum arabic addition on the viscosity, syneresis, pH value, and water contact angle of yoghurt. The experimental design used was a completely randomized design (CRD) with four levels of gum arabic (0%, 0.25%, 0.5%, and 0.75%). The data were analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) at a 0.05 significance level, followed by Duncan's Multiple Range Test (DMRT). The results showed that the addition of gum arabic treatment had a significant effect on viscosity and syneresis and tended to reduce the pH value of yoghurt. The addition of gum arabic as much as 0.75% was identified as the best treatment, yielding a viscosity of 11.8 ± 0.84 dPas, a syneresis value of 15.98 ± 1.18%, and a pH of 4.13 ± 0.034. Water contact angle measurement results showed a tendency to increase the contact angle due to the addition of gum arabic.

Goat milk whey fermentation: A sustainable approach to producing tryptophan functional beverages by lactobacillus rhamnosus and lactobacillus casei

Antonia Nani Cahyanti — 2025-10-24

The challenge of sustainable goat milk processing can be partially overcome by utilizing the nutrients in whey to create functional foods that can improve health. This encourages the utilization of nutrients in goat milk whey through fermentation by utilizing microbes to produce bioactive compounds, one of them is tryptophan. Protein in whey one of which is lactalbumin, rich in the essential amino acid tryptophan. This study examines the fermentation of goat milk whey using L. rhamnosus and L. casei, to assess tryptophan levels, along with chemical and microbiological properties Sweet whey was produced by using rennet, centrifugated and filtrated, then inoculated with these bacteria according to the treatment (L. rhamnosus : L. casei = 1:0; 0:1; 1:1). Incubation occurred at 37℃ for a duration of 24 hours. The results showed that starter culture affects significantly (P<0.05) to lactose, pH, crude protein and crude tryptophan; but did not affects significantly (P>0.05) to titratable acidity and lactic acid bacteria count. In conclusion, fermented whey contained nearly lactose 3.39%-4.41%; pH 3.94-4.00; acidity 0.06%-0,11%; lactic acid bacteria count 9.55-9.89 log CFU/ml; crude protein 12.24%-19.57% and crude tryptophan 89.72 - 113.98 mg/100mg.

Effects of indigofera zollingeriana and ammonium sulfate-ca(oh)₂ as protein and non-protein nitrogen supplement on in vitro ruminal fermentation

Mira Ndaru Pertiwi — 2025-10-24

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of a combined protein–non-protein nitrogen (NPN) supplement based on Indigofera zollingeriana and ammonium sulfate-Ca(OH)₂ on in vitro rumen fermentation characteristics. A completely randomized design was applied with five treatments, N0 (100% ammonium sulfate), ID0 (100% Indigofera), NID19 (NPN: Indigofera = 1:9), NID11 (1:1), and NID91 (9:1), with six replications. Parameters measured included ammonia (NH₃) concentration, total volatile fatty acids (TVFA), acetate, propionate, butyrate, microbial protein synthesis (MPS), dry matter degradation, total gas production, and methane production (CH₄). The NID19 treatment associated with significantly higher (P<0.05) total VFA (380.99 mM), acetate (350.87 mM), microbial protein (17.79 mg/dL), and gas production (97.67 mL), while resulting in lower NH₃ than N0. The N0 treatment exhibited the highest NH₃ (117.48 mM) but the lowest gas and methane production. The inclusion of Ca(OH)₂ in the protein–NPN supplement reduced NH₃ concentration, gas production, gas production rate, and methane output. Meanwhile, Indigofera inclusion contributed to higher microbial protein synthesis, VFA concentrations, and dry matter degradation in the rumen.

A meta-analysis of forage feed impacts on milk production and quality in dairy goats

Andi Kurnia Armayanti — 2025-10-24

Dairy goats are a strategic commodity in sustainable farming systems. However, the presence of antinutritional compounds in forage can affect nutrient effectiveness and lactation performance. This study aimed to conduct a meta-analysis and systematic review of the scientific literature evaluation the effects of forage on the quantity and quality of goat milk. Data were obtained from the Scopus and Semantic Scholar databases through keyword searches “dairy,“goat,“ and “forage,“ as well as snowballing methods on relevant references. Of the 333 identified articles, 157 studies met the inclusion criteria and were analyzed bibliometrically using VOSviewer. The results indicate that this topic is multidisciplinary and rapidly developing, with three main focuses: basic nutrition, rumen fermentation, and functional milk quality. Keyword cluster identification shows the potential integration of topics between forage quality, rumen microbiota, and milk nutritional value. Countries such as Spain, Indonesia, and Brazil are major contributors to related publications. This study highlights research gaps, particularly in environmental aspects such as methane emissions, as well as the direct link between feed and human health through goat milk. Recommendations are directed towards integrative research approaches that connect nutritional aspects, microbiota, and the functional impact of milks on consumer health.

Proximate composition, fatty acid profile, and sensory evaluation of meatballs as processed food from duck with fermented seaweed waste feed treatment

Siti Susanti — 2025-10-24

A previous study, seaweed (Glacilaria sp.) waste containing its symbiont (Brotia sp.) was utilized as Pegging duck feed supplement. This study investigated the impact of using fermented seaweed waste (FSW) as a Pegging duck feed supplement on the proximate composition, fatty acid profile, and sensory properties of duck meatballs. The result showed that ducks fed with fermented seaweed waste (FSW) had carcass with low fat content. Meatballs from duck fed with 12.5 % FSW for 30 days starting from 15-weeks-old, had lower fat content and higher unsaturated fatty acid [Palmitoleic (omega-7), Eicosapentaenoic (omega -3), Linolenic (omega-3), and Oleic (omega -9)] significantly than control meatballs (without SW feed treatment). However, Linolelaidic (omega-6) as a trans fatty acid was significantly lower in duck meatballs treatment than control. There was no effect of SW treatment on the saturated fatty acid of duck meatballs. Sensory test demonstrated that duck meatballs of treatment group was preferable than control and had similar preferences to commercial. The treated duck meatballs had a desirable meat aroma, were tender and had good taste and springiness. In conclusion, supplementing duck feed with fermented seaweed waste can produce healthier, low-fat duck meatballs with improved sensory qualities, supporting their potential as a functional food product.

Strategic assessment of ruminant livestock development in Gunungkidul Regency

Endah Subekti Kuntariningsih — 2025-10-24

The livestock sector is a key driver of food security and rural economic growth in Indonesia. In Gunungkidul Regency, cattle and goats dominate ruminant production and hold significant development potential. However, the sector faces numerous challenges, including limited feed availability during the dry season, low slaughter rates, inadequate infrastructure, weak farmer institutions, and limited access to modern technologies. This study examined the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT) of Gunungkidul’s ruminant livestock sector and identified strategies to boost both productivity and sustainability. The study applied qualitative approach. Data were gathered through interviews, questionnaires, and secondary sources, then analyzed using the SWOT and Critical Success Factors (CSFs) frameworks. The Eisenhower Matrix was also applied to prioritize strategies by urgency and importance. This study formulated integrated priority strategies for livestock sector development, encompassing the strengthening of farmer groups and cooperatives, the utilization of agricultural waste as alternative feed and organic fertilizer, and the adoption of technology for disease monitoring and control. In the short term, the focus is directed toward securing feed supply during the dry season, improving access to veterinary services through veterinarians and vaccination programs, and implementing modern cluster-based farming practices. In the medium term, the strategies emphasize diversifying local feed sources to reduce reliance on imports, enhancing productivity, expanding market access, and fostering greater interest among younger generations in the livestock sector. Supporting interventions, such as infrastructure development and the promotion of local products, are implemented as complementary measures to reinforce the sustainability of the livestock business ecosystem.

The effect of high fructose syrup concentration on physicochemical, microbiological, and sensory properties of goat milk kefir with butterfly pea extract

Heni Rizqiati — 2025-10-24

Goat milk kefir is valued for its probiotic and nutritional benefits but exhibits suboptimal sensory qualities when combined with butterfly pea extract. The addition of HFS as a sugar source can ensure optimal fermentation and improve the sensory quality of kefir. This study aimed to determine the effect of HFS on the characteristics of goat milk kefir with butterfly pea flower extract in terms of physicochemical, microbiological, and sesnory properties. A Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with five HFS concentrations (0%, 2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, and 10%) and four replications was used. Parameters measured included total acidity, pH, total yeast, total lactic acid bacteria (LAB), total soluble solids (TSS), antioxidant activity, and sensory attributes (color, aroma, taste, texture, soda sensation, and overall acceptance). Results showed that HFS addition significantly increased total acidity, TSS, and LAB counts, while pH and total yeast counts were unaffected. Total acidity ranged from 1.45±0.11 to 1.96±0.11%; pH from 3.86±0.099 to 3.95±0.11; TSS from 8.18±0.15 to 13.78±0.21 °Brix; antioxidant activity decreased from 68.83% to 42.64%; LAB counts increased from 8.38±0.10 to 9.15±0.01 log CFU/mL; and total yeast ranged from 5.89±0.22 to 6.49±0.17 log CFU/mL. The optimal HFS concentration was 7.5%–10%, producing kefir with enhanced functional, physicochemical, and sensory qualities and highest panelist acceptance.

Effects of fermented jamu on nutrient intake, milk production and udder health of dairy cows in smallholder farms

Antita Diva Untoro — 2025-10-24

Jamu is a word in the Javanese language, meaning traditional medicine made from plants. It is commonly used for humans but also has benefits for animals. The main objective of this study was to determine the effect of jamu containing Calliandra calothyrsus leaves, Carica papaya leaves, Curcuma longa Linn, fermented soybean (tempe) and molasses on nutrient intake, milk production and udder health. Jamu was given orally to the lactating dairy cow at a dose of 10 mL twice daily before milking. The study was conducted in Getasan, Central Java used 16 lactating Friesian Holstein crossbred cows with an average body weight of 455.12±40.32 kg and milk production of 10.65±1.95 l/day. This experiment used a 2 x 2 crossover design. The cows were grouped into control (fed basal ration) and treatment (fed basal ration and jamu oral). The parameters observed were in-vitro digestibility, nutrient intake, milk production, milk composition and somatic cell count. The results showed that jamu administration had no significant effect on in-vitro digestibility, nutrient intake, milk production and composition but significantly (P<0.05) reduced the somatic cell count from 8.6 x10⁵to 5.1 x10⁵. The conclusion of the study was that jamu did not increase nutrient intake and milk production but could improve the udder health of dairy cows.

Nutritional composition and thai consumer buying behavior of dead fertilized and incubated chicken eggs in the northeastern region of Thailand

Kanda Lokaewnanee — 2025-10-24

This study examined consumer purchasing behavior toward dead fertilized and incubated chicken eggs (balut) in the upper northeastern region of Thailand, alongside their nutritional composition. Two trials were conducted. In Trial 1, data were collected from 400 respondents through a structured questionnaire to assess factors influencing purchase decisions. Results indicated a stronger preference for dead fertilized egg over incubated eggs. Participants favored consuming the yolk and white separately in dead fertilized eggs, citing superior taste, texture, and overalleating experience. Trial 2 analyzed the nutrient profiles of different egg types. Whole boiled chicken eggs contained the highest moisture content (P<0.05), dead fertilized eggs showed the greatest fat levels (P<0.05), and incubated eggs exhibited the highest protein and vitamin A content (P<0.05). Overall, odor was identified as the primary factor influencing consumer choice, with dead fertilized eggs generally preferred. Nutritionally, dead fertilized eggs offer notable fatcontent, while incubated eggs provide high protein and vitamin A, highlighting their for value-added egg product develpoment.

Effect of various incubation time on proximate component of fermentation process of ammoniated palm dregs using Aspergillus niger starter

Baginda Iskandar Moeda Tampoebolon — 2025-10-24

This study aimed to examine the effect of various fermentation times on proximate component of the fermentation process of ammoniated palm dregs using Aspergillus niger starter; conducted at Feed Technology Laboratory, and Feed Science Laboratory, Faculty of Animal and Agricultural Sciences, Universitas Diponegoro, Semarang. This study used ammoniated palm dregs (ammonia content was 5% DM substrate) and A. niger starter. This study employed a completely randomized design (CRD) with three treatments and five replications. The treatments applied were different fermentation times, including: T0 = 0 days fermentation time, T1 = 3 days fermentation time, T2 = 6 days fermentation time. Parameters observed were proximate component consisting of moisture, ash, crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), crude fiber (CF), and nitrogen-free extract (NFE). Analysis of variance was used to examine the data, followed by Duncan's multiple range test at 95% significance level. Results showed that different fermentation times significantly affected (P<0.05) all proximate components. Longer fermentation times decreased moisture, EE, CF, and NFE content, while increasing ash and CP content. The 6-day fermentation treatment resulted in the lowest moisture (50.37%), EE (0.65%), and CF (22.98%) content, and the highest ash (1.68%) and CP (20.04%) content. In conclusion, increasing the fermentation time to 6 days improved the nutritional value and quality of palm dregs by increasing ash and CP content and decreasing moisture, EE, CF, and NFE content, making it a suitable ruminant feed.

Evaluation of Logistic, Gompertz, and Weibull models for describing growth curves in three varieties of Kedu Chickens

Muh. Akramullah — 2025-10-24

This study evaluated three nonlinear growth models (Logistic, Gompertz, and Weibull) to describe the growth performance of male and female Kedu chickens, including three phenotypes: Red Comb Kedu (RCK), Black Comb Kedu (BCK), and White Kedu (WK). Body weight data from 0 to 10 weeks of age were analyzed, and model fit was assessed using Akaike Information Criterion (AIC), Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC), coefficient of determination (R² and adjusted R²), and correlation coefficient (r). All models showed high accuracy with R² values ranging from 0.96 to 0.98 in both sexes, indicating that more than 96–98% of the variation in body weight was explained by the models. Among them, the Gompertz model provided the best fit, achieving the highest R² (0.9884 in WK males and 0.9818 in BCK females). This model also produced biologically reasonable predictions, with inflection points occurring between the 7th and 8th weeks. In contrast, the Weibull model, despite comparable R² values, generated unrealistic estimates in some groups, such as a maximum body weight of 34,770.5 g and an inflection age of one week in WK females. The Logistic model showed fluctuations in the final growth phase, failing to reflect the biological growth pattern. These results confirm the Gompertz model as the most appropriate for describing Kedu chicken growth and support its application in breeding and management programs for local chickens.

Carcass, non-carcass characteristics, physicochemical properties, and fatty acids composition of grass-fed Kacang goat at different slaughter weight

Retno Adiwinarti — 2025-10-24

Consumers are concerned not just with the fat content in meat, but also with its quality. This study investigated carcass, non-carcass characteristics, physicochemical properties, and fatty acids composition of grass-fed goat at different slaughter weight. Ten heads of yearling goat with 14.60±2.84 kg of slaughtered weight were grouped into 2 that had lighter slaughter weight (LSW): 10 kg to less than 15 kg and heavier slaughter weight (HSW): 15 to 20 kg. The HSW goats produced more carcasses, more meat, and higher meat + fat to bone ratio. Although the weight of rack, loin, leg, fore shank, breast, and edible offal were higher in HSW goats compared to LSW goats, but the percentages were similar. Physical characteristics, fat, and collagen content in the meat were similar. However, the moisture content of LSW goats was higher than that of HSW goats, while the protein content was lower. Saturated fatty acids in the Biceps femoris mostly consisted of stearic acid (25.70% in LSW goats and 19.29% in HSW goats) and palmitic acid (16.70% in LSW goats and 21.24% in HSW goats). Monounsaturated fatty acids were mainly consisted of oleic acid (20.09% in LSW goats and 27.23% in HSW goats). Poly unsaturated fatty acids mostly consisted of arachidonic acid (12.93% in LSW goats and 9.11% in HSW goats). Poly unsaturated fatty acids and saturated fatty acids ratio was 0.25 to 0.39. It can be concluded that carcass characteristics and protein content of HSW goat were better compared to LSW goat.

From field to feed: Evaluating herbs and horticultural by-products for agricultural characteristics and nutritional values in Bulukumba Regency, South Sulawesi

Amriana Hifizah — 2025-10-24

This study aimed to evaluate locally available agricultural by-products and herbs as alternative feed resources for ruminants. A total of 15 plant species, including horticultural by-products, conventional forages, and herbs, were initially assessed based on palatability, availability, bioactivity, and toxicity. Primary data were collected from local cattle farmers (n=50) in the district of Rilau Ale, Bulukumba regency and the field officers (n=5) of the department of horticulture from Bulukumba regency. The 15 initial plants were ranked on the basis of palatability, availability, potential as feed sources, history as herbal medicine and toxicity. From then, six candidates were selected: banana stem, rambutan peel, vegetable waste, rice bran, ginger, and turmeric were selected for further study. The analysis revealed the presence of terpenoids, phenolics, sugars, fatty acids, and nitrogenous compounds, which are known for their antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory properties. Nutritional evaluations showed that vegetable waste had the highest crude protein (21.26%) and ginger had the highest total digestible nutrients (TDN) at 59.63%. Banana stem, although low in protein (1.73%), was rich in fiber and available year-round. Rambutan peel exhibited high tannin content (10.29%). Rice bran provided high ash and energy but contained undissolved ash, possibly reducing digestibility. The findings suggest that these materials, if processed and combined properly, offer potential as sustainable, cost-effective cattle feed. Additionally, their year-round availability and functional bioactive compounds may contribute to improved animal health and reduced environmental waste.

Study of physic-organoleptical characteristics of functional pellets based on fermented tofu and cassava dregs with different types and binder levels

Bambang Sulistiyanto — 2025-10-24

Feed plays an important role in livestock productivity. Local raw materials such as tofu pulp and cassava pulp have potential as poultry feed, but must first be processed to increase their nutritional value. Fermentation with fermented vegetable extract (FVE) 2019 can improve feed quality by increasing protein and reducing crude fiber. Feed efficiency can be improved through pelletization, as it reduces scattered particles. The addition of binders such as cassava flour, corn flour, or molasses in pellets plays a role in improving stability and feed distribution efficiency. Fermentation and pelletization methods are highly effective in preparing poultry feed based on local materials. This study aimed to investigate the effect of functional feed pellet production based on fermented tofu and cassava pulp with various binders and concentration levels on its physical-organoleptic characteristics. This study uses a completely randomized design (CRD) with a 3 × 3 factorial pattern and 5 replications. The first factor was the type of binder, namely B0 (molasses), B1 (corn flour), and B2 (tapioca flour). The second factor was the binder concentration, namely A0 (0%), A1 (2.5%), and A2 (5%). The parameters observed in this study were physical quality (hardness, PDI, and moisture content) and organoleptic quality (color, odor, and texture). The results of this study indicate that pellets supplemented with 5% molasses binder can maintain organoleptic characteristics, as seen in the interaction of pellet color parameters. Long-term storage of pellets can reduce their physical and organoleptic quality.

Zinc, calcium, and magnesium levels in seminal plasma as predictive markers of sperm quality in Bali bulls (bos javanicus domesticus)

Rasyidah Mappanganro — 2025-10-24

Seminal plasma contains essential minerals that influence sperm performance and could act as reliable indicators of reproductive potential in bulls. Despite their importance, the role of these minerals in determining sperm quality has been rarely examined in indigenous breeds, such as Bali cattle (Bos javanicus), particularly across different phenotypes. This research aimed to evaluate the concentrations of magnesium (Mg), zinc (Zn), and calcium (Ca) in the seminal plasma of Bali bulls, and investigate how these minerals relate to key semen quality parameters. Fresh semen was collected from three apparently healthy horned and three polled Bali bulls. Semen quality parameters, including motility, viability, morphology, and membrane integrity, were assessed following standard protocols. Seminal plasma was isolated, and mineral concentrations were determined using atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS). Statistical evaluation involved independent t-tests, Pearson correlation, and linear regression. The results revealed that horned Bali bulls had significantly higher sperm concentration (P < 0.01), while polled bulls showed a lower percentage of abnormal spermatozoa (P < 0.05). Seminal plasma of polled bulls contained higher zinc (2.55 ± 0.37 ppm) and calcium (0.11 ± 0.02%) levels, whereas horned bulls had higher magnesium concentrations (57.93 ± 14.22 ppm). Magnesium showed a highly significant association with increased sperm concentration (r = 0.79; B = 14.78; R² = 0.864; p < 0.001), showing it to be the most influential mineral factor. These findings support the use of zinc, calcium, and magnesium as predictive biomarkers for evaluating bull fertility and selection in Bali cattle breeding programs.

Meat chemical and phytochemical quality of broiler chickens fed butterfly pea (Clitoria ternatea) flour

Iis Yuanita — 2025-10-24

Butterfly pea (Clitoria ternatea) flour contains antioxidant compounds, particularly phenolic anthocyanins and triterpenoids, which are expected to enhance both the chemical and phytochemical quality of broiler chicken meat. The study aimed to evaluate the effect of butterfly pea flour on the chemical and phytochemical quality of broiler chicken meat. The experiment was assigned in a completely randomized with five treatments and five replications. The treatments included BPF0 = basal ration (BR), BPF1 = BR + 1% butterfly pea flour (BPF), BPF2 = BR + 2% BPF, BPF3 = BR + 3% BPF, and BPF4 = BR + 4% BPF. ANOVA was applied to the chemical data, and subsequently, Duncan's multiple range test (DMRT) for significant effect. Descriptive analysis was done for the phytochemical content data. Observed variables were nutrient quality, and phytochemical quality of broiler chicken meat. The findings were that addition of butterfly pea flour resulted in tremendous improvement in chemical quality of broiler chicken meat by raising protein level (P<0.05), and reducing fat, moisture and carbohydrate level (P<0.01). But no effect on the ash content of broiler meat (P>0.05). Furthermore, the addition of butterfly pea flour to the broiler feed enhances the phytochemical content in the broiler chicken meat, including triterpenoids, phenolics, anthocyanins, and DPPH antioxidant activity.

Effect of fermented rice bran and chitosan on duck livestock productivity

Eli Sahara — 2025-10-24

This study examined how adding fermented rice bran and chitosan to duck diets affects hematological profiles, blood cholesterol, egg cholesterol, enzyme activity, and fatty acid content in duck meat and eggs. The research employed an experimental design with a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with four treatments: R0 = 45% corn + 35% concentrate + 20% unfermented rice bran; R1 = 45% corn + 35% concentrate + 20% fermented rice bran; R2 = 45% corn + 35% concentrate + 19.5% fermented rice bran + 0.5% chitosan; R3 = 45% corn + 35% concentrate + 17.5% fermented rice bran + 2.5% chitosan, with five replications. The results showed that fermented rice bran and chitosan increased hematocrit levels, hemoglobin, erythrocyte, and leukocyte counts. They also affected blood glucose and cholesterol levels, meat cholesterol, and eggs from Tegal ducks. Some treatments significantly reduced cholesterol. Additionally, treatments influenced enzyme activity: R3 exhibited increased amylase and protease activity and decreased lipase activity. Blood glucose levels decreased in treatments R2 and R3, and blood cholesterol levels were reduced in R2, with specific treatments showing significant reductions. The combined use of fermented rice bran and chitosan impacted the fatty acid composition of duck eggs and meat. Overall, this study demonstrates that incorporating fermented rice bran and chitosan into duck diets can improve health parameters and enhance the quality of duck products.

Analysis of financial feasibility of open house system for broiler chicken farming in Bulukumba Regency

Handayani Indah Susanti — 2025-10-24

This study aimed to analyze the financial feasibility of broiler chicken farming using the open house system in Bulukumba Regency, South Sulawesi. The research focused on 94 partner farmers distributed across Ujungloe, Herlang, and Rilau Ale districts,, who were selected using purposive sampling based on their active participation in cattle farming and partnership schemes.. The novelty of this study lies in its regional and empirical specificity by comprehensively examining the cost structure and profitability of broiler farming under real-world partnership models. The research applied descriptive quantitative analysis to determine cost components, revenue, income, Breakeven Point (BEP), Revenue-Cost Ratio (R/C), and Benefit-Cost Ratio (B/C). The results showed that the average production cost per cycle was IDR 428,500,000 with a total revenue of IDR 468,750,000, resulting in a net income of IDR 40,250,000. The R/C ratio was 1.09 and the B/C ratio was 0.094, indicating that broiler farming using the open house system is financially viable and profitable for farmers in the study area. To enhance financial sustainability, farmers are recommended to improve cost efficiency through optimized feed management, adopt better health and biosecurity practices to reduce mortality, and strengthen market linkages to ensure stable selling prices. Additionally, scaling up production and adopting technological innovations could further increase profitability and competitiveness in the long term.

Rapid detection of meat adulteration in chicken and rabbit meat based on spectra information by using a shortwave near infrared (SW-NIR) spectroscopy technique

Laila Rahmawati — 2025-10-24

The food industry is increasingly concerned about meat adulteration due to its detrimental effects on food safety and consumer trust. The rapid detection of adulteration in minced chicken and rabbit meat was the focus of this study, which examined the potential of shortwave near-infrared (SW-NIR) spectroscopy. Spectral preprocessing techniques, such as Multiplicative Scatter Correction (MSC), Standard Normal Variate (SNV), Savitzky–Golay derivatives (SG1, SG2), and smoothing, were employed to analyze adulterated samples at six substitution levels (0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100%). The water-related (970, 1450, 1940 nm) and fat-related (1200, 1720, 2300 nm) regions exhibited distinct absorption features that varied systematically with the extent of adulteration. The separation of pure and mixed samples was clearly defined by Principal Component Analysis (PCA), while Partial Least Squares Regression (PLSR) demonstrated robust predictive performance (R²cal > 0.90; R²pred ≈ 0.85–0.88) following preprocessing. Most misclassifications occurred between adjacent levels of adulteration, with a classification accuracy that surpassed 80%. These results indicate that SW-NIR spectroscopy, when applied in conjunction with suitable chemometric modeling, provides a rapid, non-destructive, and dependable approach to the identification of adulteration in rabbit and chicken meat. This is primarily due to variations in fat and water composition.

Canonical discriminant analysis for selected morphometric traits of native chicken in Libya

Hasan Moftah Ahmed Ahmad — 2025-10-24

This study evaluated morphometric traits of native chickens from three Libyan regions Abongim, Abu Hadi, and Sirte using Canonical Discriminant Analysis (CDA) to determine key traits for population differentiation. Six traits were measured in males and females: upper thigh length (UTL), lower thigh length (LTL), foot length (FL), third finger length (TFL), comb height (CH), and chest length (CL). Descriptive statistics indicated clear sexual dimorphism, with males generally larger and exhibiting greater variability in sexually dimorphic traits, while females showed greater uniformity, especially in skeletal dimensions. CDA revealed that Canonical Variate 3 (CAN 3) contributed most to discrimination, with FL, LTL, CH, and TFL being the most influential traits. Males exhibited higher classification accuracy (up to 75.48% in Abu Hadi) than females (maximum 58.21% in Sirte), suggesting greater morphometric divergence in males. Overall, the results indicate a largely homogeneous genetic background among Libyan native chickens with minor regional differences, particularly in limb and comb traits. This baseline morphometric information is valuable for supporting genetic conservation, selective breeding, and sustainable utilization strategies, although integration with molecular data is recommended to enhance population differentiation.

Meta analysis: The impact of utilizing rumen undegradable protein in feed on reproductive and production performance of dairy cow

Filza Zhafira Satyastika — 2025-10-24

The purpose of this research was to assess the reproductive and productive parameters of dairy cows with different levels of RUP. This study employed a methodology that involved scientific journal articles focusing on S/C, calving interval, conception rate, PPE, milk yield, milk protein, milk fat, milk lactose, and DMI. The findings indicated no significant differences in milk yield, composition, and reproductive metrics between cows administered RUP and those that were not (p>0.05). According to the NRC (2001), RUP levels constitute 6-10% of the total protein requirement for dairy cows. This study recommends that future research should ensure dairy cows receiving RUP are given the optimal dosage suited to their needs for more precise dosing.

Utilization of soy sauce waste and citric acid to improve the quail performance and digestive tract profile

Edjeng Suprijatna — 2025-10-24

The study aimed to examine the use of soy sauce waste and citric acid as additives on the morphology, microbiota of the digestive tract in quail after passing the peak egg production phase. As experimental animals used 200 female quail aged 28 weeks. The experimental design used a completely randomized design with 4 treatments and 5 replications, each replication consisting of 10 quails. The treatments are T0: Control treatment (Basal feed without soy sauce waste and citric acid), T1: Basal feed + Soy sauce waste, T2: Basal feed + Citric acid, and T3: Basal feed + Soy sauce waste and citric acid. Data were analyzed by analysis of variance and continued with Duncan's Multiple Range Test. Feed consumption was increased (P<0.05) in T2 compare to T1 and T3. Hen daily production was increased (P<0.05) in T2 and T3 than T0 and T1. Feed conversion ratio was decreased in T3 compared to T0 and T1. Weight and lenght of small intestine was increased (P<0.05) in T0, T1, and T2 compared to T3. Weight and lenght ratio of proventriculus was increased in T1 than T0, T2, and T3. pH of duodenum and jejunum was increased (P<0.05) in T0 and T1 than T2 and T3. Ileum pH was increased (P<0.05) in T2 and T3 than T0.. In conclusion: The addition of soy sauce waste or citric acid and a combination of both can improve performance and the profile of the digestive tract.

Meta-Analysis: The effect of post-hatch delayed feed access on the physiological conditions of broiler chickens during the golden period

Teysar Adi Sarjana — 2025-10-24

This meta-analysis aimed to conduct a systematic review and statistical analysis regarding the effects of post-hatch delayed access feed (DAF) on the physiological conditions of broiler chickens during the golden period. The materials were obtained from international journals, comprising 113 case studies collected from 11 selected and relevant journals. From various relevant parameters, six blood profiles and biochemical parameters were selected for the meta-analysis: glucose levels, cholesterol levels, total protein, heterophil counts, lymphocyte counts, and the heterophil-to-lymphocyte (H/L) ratio. Observations have focused on the impact of DAF during the golden period in chicks aged 1–7 days. The data were tabulated and analyzed using meta-analysis with JASP software version 0.18.3.0. DAF had negative effects, including increased cholesterol levels, heterophil counts, and H/L ratio. However, it did not negatively affect glucose or total protein levels. Publication bias was identified in several DAF variable moderators related to glucose, total protein heterophile, lymphocyte, and H/L parameters, suggesting potential research outcome manipulation or interpretive bias. In conclusion, delayed feed access consistently exacerbates physiological conditions, as indicated by elevated cholesterol levels, heterophil counts, and H/L ratio in broiler chickens during the golden period.

Impact of fermented Physalis angulata filtrate and Lactobacillus acidophilus on intestine ecology, morphology and broiler carcass quality

Arihna Salsabilla Nahdiana Poetri — 2025-10-24

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of Physalis angulata fruit filtrate fermented with Lactobacillus acidophilus on intestinal ecology, small intestine morphology and carcass quality of broilers. A total of 280 Day Old Chick broilers (unsex) were randomly divided into 4 treatments with 7 replicates of 10 chickens each. The treatments included T0 (control), T1 (1% Physalis angulata fruit filtrate), T2 (1% L. acidophilus), and T3 (1% fermented Physalis angulata fruit filtrate). Treatments were administered daily through drinking water from day 1 to day 32. Observed parameters included the counts of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and coliforms, small intestine morphology, carcass characteristics, and broiler meat quality. Data were analyzed using a Completely Randomized Design. The result show that T3 significantly optimized feed efficiency compared to the other treatments (p<0.05). The total lactic acid bacteria in the cecum were higher in T2 and T3 treatments compared to T0 and T1 (p<0.05). However, the treatments did not result in significant differences in the number of coliforms, small intestine morphology, carcass characteristics, meat pH, meat color, and chemical composition of broiler meat (p>0.05), except for a lower percentage of abdominal fat in T2 and T3 treatments (p<0.05) and higher moisture content in breast meat in T2 (p<0.05). In conclusion: fermented Physalis angulata fruit filtrate can improve feed efficiency, cecal LAB population, reduce abdominal fat, and increase breast meat moisture content, indicating that supplementation with Physalis angulata fruit filtrate, L. acidophilus, and their fermentation has potential as a feed additive for broilers.

Comparative evaluation of different semen extenders on reproductive performance in Nunukan chickens

Fikri Ardhani — 2025-10-24

This study evaluated the effectiveness of five different semen extenders on sperm quality and reproductive performance in Nunukan chickens, an indigenous breed from North Kalimantan, Indonesia, to support conservation through artificial insemination protocols. Semen was collected from adult Nunukan roosters (10-12 months) and diluted with five extenders: NaCl 0.9% (T1), Ringer's solution (T2), NaCl + 15% egg yolk (T3), Ringer's solution + 15% egg yolk (T4), and Beltsville Poultry Semen Extender (BPSE) (T5). Sperm motility and viability were assessed every 30 minutes for 180 minutes during storage at 4°C. Artificial insemination was performed on 25 hens (5 per treatment) using 0.1 mL diluted semen containing 1×10⁸ active spermatozoa after 1-hour storage when motility and viability remained high, and fertility and hatchability rates were evaluated. BPSE demonstrated superior sperm preservation, maintaining 73% motility and 82% viability after 180 minutes, while egg yolk-supplemented extenders showed intermediate performance (NaCl+EY: 35% motility, 32% viability; Ringer's+EY: 38% motility, 35% viability) and basic extenders performed poorly (NaCl: 12% motility, 18% viability; Ringer's: 15% motility, 22% viability). Fertility rates ranged from 74-83% across treatments with no significant differences (p>0.05), while hatchability rates varied from 61-74%, with BPSE achieving 73% comparable to natural mating (74%). All extenders preserved reasonable reproductive performance for short-term storage, particularly BPSE, which provided optimal preservation, while egg yolk-supplemented formulations served as practicable alternatives for artificial insemination in breeding programmes for Nunukan chickens.

Seaweed a sustainable and functional broiler feed additive: Meta-analysis of effects on performance and efficiency

Muhammad Rizwan Yousaf — 2025-10-24

The poultry industry constantly seeks sustainable and cost-effective solutions to enhance broiler growth performance and feed efficiency. Seaweed, a marine alga, has gained increasing attention as a potential natural feed additive for livestock, including poultry. This meta-analysis aimed to systematically evaluate the effects of seaweed supplementation on broiler chicken performance, specifically body weight gain (BWG) and feed conversion ratio (FCR). A comprehensive literature search was conducted (NCBI, Scopus, WOS, and Google Scholar) to identify relevant studies and 34 studies with 159 unique observations were included in this meta-analysis using OpenMEE Software. The pooled analysis revealed a significant positive impact of seaweed supplementation on both BWG and FCR. The results suggested that seaweed, particularly species (Kappaphycus alvarezii and Chondrus crispus) rich in bio-active compounds like polysaccharides and polyphenols, can enhance broiler growth and feed efficiency. Breed-specific responses suggest that Ross 308 and Arbor Acres showed the greatest performance under seaweed supplementation. The underlying mechanisms of action for increased performance include increase in beneficial microbiome diversity and enhanced immunity. Future research should focus on standardizing supplementation protocols, exploring bio-active compound mechanisms, and addressing long-term impacts.