Insights on the utilization of protein alternative maggot (Hermetia illucens) and earthworm (Lumbricus sp.) as feed in poultry: A review

Abstract

The poultry industry is continuously seeking sustainable, nutritionally balanced, and cost-effective feed ingredients to improve production efficiency while minimizing environmental impacts. Maggot (Hermetia illucens) and earthworm (Lumbricus sp.) have emerged as promising alternative animal protein sources due to their high-quality protein, balanced essential amino acids, beneficial fatty acids, and bioactive compounds that support growth performance, gut health, and immune function in poultry. Their cultivation also utilizes organic waste substrates, contributing to waste reduction and the development of a circular bioeconomy. This review synthesizes scientific findings on the nutritional characteristics, processing methods, and practical applications of maggots and earthworms in poultry feed formulations. Literature analysis indicates that these alternative proteins can enhance feed conversion ratio, carcass quality, and overall production performance when incorporated at optimal inclusion levels. Nonetheless, variations in nutrient composition, potential microbial contamination, and limited consumer acceptance remain key challenges. Further research is recommended to develop standardized rearing and processing protocols, ensure feed safety, and evaluate long-term effects on poultry productivity and product quality.