Mechanisms of intercellular communication via extracellular vesicles (Exosomes) in physiological systems

Abstract

Through the active transfer of biomolecules, exosomes, a subtype of nanoscale extracellular vesicles, are essential for intercellular communication. The finding that exosomes play a crucial function in a number of physiological processes has raised interest in them in recent years. This review article aimed to provide a comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms of exosome-mediated intercellular communication in physiological systems. The biogenesis, chemical makeup, and methods of exosome contact with target cells were the main topics of a recent literature search that was carried out using major scientific databases. The endosomal pathway, which includes the creation of multivesicular bodies, produces exosomes, which are then discharged into the extracellular environment by exocytosis. Exosomes can alter signaling cascades and gene regulation in recipient cells thanks to their chemical cargo, which consists of proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids like microRNAs. Exosomes support a number of biological processes in a physiological setting, such as immune response regulation, neural communication, cardiovascular homeostasis, reproductive processes, and metabolic balance. Exosomes are effective and flexible communication mediators because of their capacity to communicate biological information in a targeted and safe way. By coordinating intercellular communication, exosomes are essential for preserving homeostasis. Future exosome applications in the biomedical area are anticipated to be supported by a fuller comprehension of this mechanism.