Multidrug-resistant Klebsiella spp. and extended-spectrum β-lactamases-associated resistance genes in chicken eggshells marketed in Surabaya, Indonesia

Abstract

Antimicrobial-resistant bacteria have become a global health and food safety problem due to their appearance and spread in animal-derived foods. Extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-associated genes are among the several antibiotic resistance determinants that Klebsiella spp. are known to acquire, making them significant opportunistic pathogens. The purpose of this work was to discover multidrug-resistant (MDR) isolates, assess the antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of Klebsiella spp. on chicken eggshells sold in Surabaya, Indonesia, and find ESBL-associated resistance genes (blaSHV, blaTEM, and blaCTX-M). A total of 150 eggshell swab samples were gathered from five Surabaya administrative regions' traditional and contemporary retail markets. Gram staining, biochemical testing, and standard culture techniques were used for isolation and identification. The Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method was used to test for antimicrobial susceptibility to ampicillin, gentamicin, azithromycin, enrofloxacin, and tetracycline. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to further screen MDR isolates for ESBL-associated genes. 28 (18.7%) of the 150 samples that were analyzed were identified as Klebsiella spp. According to antimicrobial susceptibility tests, ampicillin had the highest resistance rate (71.4%), followed by azithromycin (39.3%) and tetracycline (25.0%). At 78.6%, gentamicin showed the highest susceptibility rate. Due to their resistance to three or more antimicrobial classes, two isolates (7.1%) were categorized as MDR. While blaTEM and blaCTX-M were not found, molecular analysis revealed that both MDR isolates carried the blaSHV gene. These results suggest that antimicrobial-resistant Klebsiella spp. and ESBL-associated resistance determinants may be present in chicken eggshells sold in Surabaya. To reduce the spread of antimicrobial resistance within a One Health framework, ongoing surveillance and better hygiene procedures are crucial across the chicken production chain.